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b1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define eukaryotic

A

contains genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus

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2
Q

define prokaryotic

A

does not contain genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus

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3
Q

what does an animal cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm nucleus and mitochondria

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4
Q

what does a plant cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole

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5
Q

is a bacterial cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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6
Q

is a yeast cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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7
Q

what does a bacterial cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids (rings of DNA), cell wall, slime capsule and flagella

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8
Q

what does a yeast cell contain?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cell wall

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9
Q

what is the function of a nucleus?

A

contains genetic material and controls the cell’s activities

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10
Q

what is the function of a cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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12
Q

what is the function of a mitochondria?

A

where lots of energy is released by respiration

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13
Q

what is the function of a ribosome?

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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14
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

provides strength to the cell

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15
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

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16
Q

what is the function of a vacuole?

A

contains chemicals and cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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17
Q

define magnification

A

the ability to make small objects seem larger

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18
Q

name two types of microscopes

A

electron and light microscope

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19
Q

define resolution

A

the ability to distinguish two objects from each other

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20
Q

why is the electron microscope better than the light microscope?

A

it has a higher magnification and resolution

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21
Q

what is the magnification equation?

A

magnification = image size / real size

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22
Q

how do you convert mm to micrometres?

A

X 1000

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23
Q

what does the coarse focusing wheel do?

A

it brings the object into near focus

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24
Q

what does the fine focusing wheel do?

A

it brings the object in detail

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25
what does the objective lens do?
it determines the level of magnification for the object
26
state the three structures of mitosis
nucleus, chromosome and gene
27
how many chromosomes in a body cell?
46 chromosomes
28
how many chromosomes in a sex cell?
23 chromosomes
29
what is a haploid?
a cell that has half the number of chromosomes
30
what is a diploid?
a cell that has two copies of genetic material
31
why is mitosis important?
1. for growth and development of multicellular organisms 2. takes places when an organism repair itself 3. happens during asexual reproduction
32
what is the first stage of mitosis?
1. the cell grows 2. it increases in the number of organelles 3. DNA replicates
33
what is the second stage of mitosis?
1. the chromosomes are pulled apart to each end of the cell 2. the nucleus divides
34
what is the third stage of mitosis?
the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 genetically identical cells.
35
what is a stem cell?
an undifferentiated cell that has the ability to specialise into any type of cell
36
name the three type of stem cells?
1. embryonic 2. adult 3. plant
37
state the function of each stem cell
embryonic - can differentiate into any cell plant - can differentiate into any cell adult - can only differentiate in blood cells
38
where are plant stem cells located?
meristem
39
what 2 conditions do stem cells help with?
1. type 1 diabetes 2. paralysis
40
what is therapeutic cloning?
when an embryo is produced with the same genes as the individual
41
state advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic cloning
+ cures medical conditions + it is not rejected by the body's immune system - potential life is killed (ethical issue) - shortage of doners
42
state advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells from plants
+ can treat an untreatable condition + allow further studies into developing new theories - success is not guaranteed - finding doners can be difficult
43
define diffusion
particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration
44
how are surfaces adapted for efficient gas exchange?
1. large surface area of the membrane 2. concentration gradient 3. temperature
45
define osmosis
water particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration, through a partially permeable membrane
46
what is a partially permeable membrane?
only allows water molecules through
47
define active transport
particles moving from a low concentration to a high concentration, using energy from respiration
48
where does active transport occur?
mitochondria, as lots of energy is needed
49
what does a specialised cell mean?
it has a specific adaptation to do a specific job
50
state the function of a sperm cell
toswim to the egg and transfer genetic information - fertilise with egg cell
51
state the adaptations of a sperm cell
1. the head contains enzymes to help break down the egg 2. the midpiece contains lots of mitochondria = lots of energy to swim faster 3. the tail helps the sperm swim
52
state the function of a nerve cell
sends electrical impulses around the body
53
state the adaptations of a nerve cell
1. the dendrites (branches) give a large surface area to connect with other nerve cells 2. the long axon carries electrical impulses for long distances 3. the synapses (the end) allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another.
54
state the function of a muscle cell
to contract and do movements
55
state the adaptations of a muscle cell
1. protein fibres to help the muscles contract and relax (increase and decrease the length of a cell) 2. lots of mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
56
state the function of a root hair cell
absorbs minerals and water ions to the soil
57
state the adaptations of a root hair cell
1. the root hair increases the surface area of the root 2. does not contain chloroplasts as it is underground
58
state the function of a xylem
(transpiration - water is lost) transport water and mineral to the plant (leaves)
59
state the adaptations of a xylem
1. the thick walls contain lignin to support the plant 2. it is hollow making it easier for water and minerals to flow
60
state the function of a phloem
(translocation - food moves to different parts of a plant) transports dissolved sugars up and down the plant
61
state the adaptations of a phloem
1. the sieve plates allow dissolved sugar to move through the cell 2. there is lots of mitochondria to provide energy 3. the phloem vessel cells have no nucleus and only limited by cytoplasm.
62
when can animal cells differentiate?
when they are young
63
when can plant cells differentiate?
throughout their life
64
what is cell division restricted to in animals?
repair and growth
65
state the microscopy practical
1. Use a dropping pipette to put one drop of water onto a microscope slide. 2. Separate one of the thin layers of the onion. 3. Peel off a thin layer of epidermal tissue from the inner surface. 4. Use forceps to put this thin layer on to the drop of water that you have placed on the microscope slide. 5. Make sure that the layer of onion cells is flat on the slide. 6. Put two drops of iodine solution onto the onion tissue. 7. Carefully lower a coverslip onto the slide. 8. Put the slide on the microscope stage
66
how do you set up the microscopy practical?
1. Turn the nosepiece to the lowest power objective lens (X4) 2. Turn the coarse adjustment knob so that the end of the objective lens is almost touching the slide. 3. Now slightly rotate the fine adjustment knob to bring the cells into a clear focus. 4. Now rotate the nosepiece to use a higher power objective lens. 5. When you have found some cells, switch to a higher power.

bio paper 1 (4 decks)

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