B1

Question 1

What do xylems do?

Answer 1

Transport water and dissolved mineral ions up the plant

Question 2

How to find the total magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 2

Objective * eyepiece

Question 3

What is the IAM triangle?

Answer 3

Image size= actual size * magnification
Actual size= image size/ magnification
Magnification= image size/ actual size

Question 4

How to convert cm to mm to micrometers to nm?

Answer 4

Cm to mm= /10
Mm to micrometers= /1000
Micrometers to nm= /1000

Question 5

Light microscopes- what are the disadvantages and how does it work?

Answer 5

It uses light to create an image, and it’s limiting factor is the resolution

Question 6

Electron microscopes- what are the advantages, how does it work?

Answer 6

It uses a ray of electrons, and can only observe dead animals. It can view these at a higher resolution and magnifications, so it observes greater detail

Question 7

What are 6 specialised cells and roughly describe how they’re specialised?

Answer 7

Sperm cells- long tail for swimming and lots of mitochondria so the sperm can swim
Red blood cells- no nucleus for more room to carry oxygen, bi-concave shape for increased surface area
Muscle cell- lots of mitochondria for the muscles to contract, protein fibres to contract to make cells shorter
Nerve cell- branched endings (dendrites) o make connections with other neurones, myelin sheath insulates the axon to increase the transmission speed of the electrical impulses
Root hair cell- long projection for more effective absorption of water, lots of mitochondria to release energy for the active transport of the mineral ions from the soil
Palisade cell- lots of chloroplasts for more light absorption, located at the top of the leaf- most sunlight

Question 8

What type of cells are animal and plant cells?

Answer 8

Eukaryotic

Question 9

What type of cells are bacteria and yeast cells?

Answer 9

Prokaryotic

Question 10

Can either light or electron microscopes have coloured images?

Answer 10

Light microscopes can, but electron microscopes are in black and white

Question 11

What is active transport?

Answer 11

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient (less concentrated to more concentrated) with the use of energy from respiration, making it an active process.

Question 12

What is an adult stem cell?

Answer 12

A type of cell that can form many types of cells, but are more limited compared to embryonic stem cells

Question 13

What is agar jelly?

Answer 13

A substance placed in Petri dishes which is used to culture microorganisms on

Question 14

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 14

The process where a cell becomes specialised to its function

Question 15

What is the cell membrane’s function?

Answer 15

To control what substances go in and out a cell. It is a semi permeable barrier that surrounds the cell

Question 16

What is the function of a cell wall?

Answer 16

To protect the cell and maintain the cells shape

Question 17

What are chromosomes?

Answer 17

DNA structures that are found in the nucleus, and are made up of genes

Question 18

What is diffusion?

Answer 18

Movement of particles from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. This makes it a passive process as it doesn’t require energy

Question 19

What is an embryonic stem cell?

Answer 19

A type of cell that can differentiate into most types of human cells

Question 20

What is an eukaryotic cell?

Answer 20

A type of cell found in plants and animals that have a nucleus

Question 21

What is the magnification of an object?

Answer 21

How much bigger an image appears compared to it’s actual size

Question 22

What are meristematic cells?

Answer 22

Cells that can differentiate into any type of plant cell

Question 23

Where does respiration occur?

Answer 23

In the mitochondria

Question 24

What is the function of a nucleus?

Answer 24

It contains the generic material and controls the activities

Question 25

What is an organelle?

Answer 25

A specialised structure found inside a cell

Question 26

What is osmosis?

Answer 26

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

Question 27

What are plasmids?

Answer 27

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Question 28

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 28

A type of cell found in bacteria that do not have nucleus

Question 29

What is the resolution of something?

Answer 29

The distance between two points in a specimen

Question 30

What are specialised cells?

Answer 30

Cells that are adapted to perform a certain function

Question 31

What are stem cells?

Answer 31

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce many specialised cells of the same type

Question 32

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 32

The stages of preparation for a cell to divide

Question 33

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 33

The stages of preparation for a cell to divide

Question 34

What is therapeutic cloning?

Answer 34

Producing an embryo that has the same genes as the patient

Question 35

What is the function of a vacuole?

Answer 35

It’s an organelle that stores cell sap and also helps the cell keep its shape

Question 36

How are nerve cells specialised?

Answer 36

1.) Lots of DENDRITES- make connections to other neurones 2.) AXON- carries nerve impulses from one point to another 3.) Very long 4.) Lots of mitochondria to PROVIDE ENERGY NEEDED TO MAKE TRANSMITTER CELLS

Question 37

How are root hair cells adapted?

Answer 37

1.) Large surface area 2.) Large, permanent vacuole 3.) Lots of mitochondria that transferred energy needed for active transport of minerals into the root hair cells

Question 38

How are muscles cells adapted?

Answer 38

1.)Contain special proteins 2.) Store glycogen 3.) Lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed to complete the reactions needed for contraction and relaxation

Question 39

How are phloems adapted to carry out their function?

Answer 39

1.) Cell wall breaks down to from special sieve plates 2.) Lose a lot of internal structures but are supported by companion cells to keep them alive 3.) Mitochondria of companion cells transfer the energy to move dissolved food up and down in the phloem

Question 40

How are xylems adapted to their function?

Answer 40

1.) Alive when they’re first formed, but die to allow water and minerals to move through them 2.) Spirals make them strong and sturdy to help withstand the water pressure and support the stem of the plant

Question 41

What are the three cycles of cell division?

Answer 41

1.) Growth and replication of the DNA 2.) Mitosis (nucleus divides) 3.) Cell divides into 2

Question 42

What is cell division called in bacteria?

Answer 42

Binary fission

Question 43

Where can you source stem cells?

Answer 43

Bone marrow- used to treat leukaemia Embryos- donated spare IVF embryos Umbilical cord Adults- heart, liver, skin, kidneys

Question 44

What is diffusion?

Answer 44

When molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 45

What are the 4 factors that affect diffusion?

Answer 45

1.) Higher temperatures 2.) Higher concentration difference 3.) Larger surface area 4.) Shorter distance

Question 46

What is the solute, solution and solvent?

Answer 46

Solute- the solid that is dissolved into the solution Solvent- the liquid that the solid is dissolved into Solution- solute dissolved in a solvent

Question 47

What is osmosis?

Answer 47

Moves from a high WATER concentration to a low WATER concentration through a SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE (only in water)

Question 48

What is active transport?

Answer 48

Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) It requires ENERGY from respiration and a CARRIER PROTEIN