Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Unit 5 Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

The heart consists of two atria and two ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What separates the top chambers from the bottom chambers in the heart?

A

Valves

Valves prevent backward flow of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of blood enters the right atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood is represented as blue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood go after the right atrium?

A

Right ventricle

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to blood in the lungs?

A

It is oxygenated

Oxygenated blood is represented as red.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does oxygenated blood return after the lungs?

A

Left atrium

Oxygenated blood then moves to the left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Aorta

The aorta distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

A

The heart’s pacemaker

It is responsible for the regular contraction of the heart muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does myogenic mean in relation to heart muscles?

A

They contract spontaneously

Myogenic muscles do not require stimulation by nerve cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

Example: cardiac output = 70 × 132 = 9240 ml/minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute

It is a component used to calculate cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart at each beat

It is measured in millilitres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ divides the left and right sides of the heart.

A

Septum

The septum prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: The left ventricle has thicker cardiac muscle than the right ventricle.

A

True

The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more muscle strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main functions of the valves in the heart?

A

Prevent backward flow of blood

Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart chambers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

It is one of the major veins returning blood to the right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the left lung to the heart?

A

Left pulmonary vein

It delivers oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood to the left lung?

A

Left pulmonary artery

This artery transports deoxygenated blood from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main structural features of arteries?

A

• Relatively thick wall
• Smooth muscle
• Elastic fibres
• Lined with smooth layer of endothelial cells
• Narrow lumen

Arteries are designed to withstand high blood pressure and allow for changes in blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main function of arteries?

A

• Withstand high blood pressure
• Alter diameter of lumen to vary blood flow
• Stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow
• Low friction surface to ease blood flow

These functions are critical for maintaining proper blood circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the structural characteristics of capillaries?

A

• Very thin wall (just one cell thick)
• Small lumen

Capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials between blood and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the structural features of veins?

A

• Relatively thin wall
• Very little smooth muscle or elastic fibres
• Wide lumen
• Valves

Veins have valves to prevent backflow and ensure a one-way flow of blood toward the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

• Stop backflow
• Ensure a one-way flow of blood toward the heart

Valves are essential for maintaining proper blood circulation, especially in the extremities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the ABO blood type system?
The most important blood type system, which includes: * Group A * Group B * Group AB * Group O ## Footnote The ABO system classifies blood based on the presence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.
26
What is the universal donor blood type?
O Rh-negative ## Footnote People with this blood type can donate to all other blood types without causing agglutination.
27
Why are O Rh-negative blood transfusions only used in emergencies?
Although there is a lower risk of agglutination, there is still a risk involved. ## Footnote Normally, patients receive blood with the same Rh and ABO group.
28
What antigens are present in Group A blood?
A antigen ## Footnote Group A blood has anti-B antibodies in plasma.
29
What antigens are present in Group B blood?
B antigen ## Footnote Group B blood has anti-A antibodies in plasma.
30
What antigens are present in Group AB blood?
A and B antigens ## Footnote Group AB blood has no antibodies in plasma, making it a universal recipient.
31
What antigens are present in Group O blood?
None ## Footnote Group O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
32
What is the Rhesus (Rh) system?
Classifies blood as either Rh-negative or Rh-positive based on the presence of the rhesus factor. ## Footnote Rh-negative individuals cannot receive Rh-positive blood, while Rh-positive individuals can receive Rh-negative blood.
33
True or False: Arteries have valves.
False ## Footnote Valves are found in veins, not in arteries or capillaries.
34
Describe two differences between the structure of a capillary and the structure of a vein.
1. Capillaries have very thin walls (one cell thick), while veins have relatively thin walls. 2. Capillaries have a small lumen, whereas veins have a wide lumen. ## Footnote These structural differences reflect their distinct functions in the circulatory system.
35
What is the average heart rate during the cardiac cycle?
60 to 70 times a minute ## Footnote The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it around the body.
36
What structure does blood drain into from the lungs?
Left atrium ## Footnote Blood moves along the pulmonary vein.
37
What happens to the left tricuspid valve when blood pressure in the left atrium rises?
It opens ## Footnote This is due to the raising of blood pressure.
38
What is left atrial systole?
Contraction of the left atrial muscle ## Footnote This forces more blood through the left tricuspid valve.
39
What occurs immediately after left atrial systole?
Left ventricular systole begins ## Footnote This contraction forces the left tricuspid valve to close.
40
What valve opens when blood leaves the left ventricle?
Semilunar valve ## Footnote This valve is located at the mouth of the aorta.
41
What is cardiac diastole?
When the heart refills with blood ## Footnote Ventricular diastole specifically refers to the ventricles refilling and relaxing.
42
What does the QRS complex represent in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Ventricular systole ## Footnote It measures the electrical changes during this phase.
43
What happens if disease disrupts the heart's normal conduction pathways?
Disruption of the expected ECG pattern ## Footnote This can be critical for diagnosing cardiovascular disease.
44
What does the P wave signify in an ECG?
Time of atrial systole ## Footnote It represents the electrical activity during atrial contraction.
45
What causes the T wave in an ECG?
Repolarisation of the ventricles during diastole ## Footnote This indicates the ventricles are preparing for the next contraction.
46
What is considered a normal heart rhythm in terms of beats per minute?
Between 60 and 100 beats per minute ## Footnote This is the typical range for a healthy adult.
47
What is bradycardia?
Less than 60 beats per minute ## Footnote It indicates a slower than normal heart rate.
48
What is sinus arrhythmia?
Normal beats triggered at irregular intervals ## Footnote This condition reflects variability in heart rhythm.
49
What does ventricular fibrillation indicate?
Irregular ventricular rate ## Footnote It is a serious condition that can lead to cardiac arrest.
50
What is tachycardia?
More than 100 beats per minute ## Footnote This condition indicates a faster than normal heart rate.
51
What does a flat line on an ECG indicate?
There is no signal ## Footnote This may require resuscitation or indicate death.
52
What is cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
53
What factors increase the risk of CVD?
* Age * Gender * Genetics * Diet * Smoking * Inactivity
54
What is the recommended maximum for systolic blood pressure?
140 mm Hg
55
What is the recommended maximum for diastolic blood pressure?
90 mm Hg
56
How does genetics influence CVD risk?
Inherited tendencies can lead to high blood pressure, poor cholesterol metabolism, and more easily damaged arteries.
57
What is the role of HDL and LDL in CVD?
HDL is 'good' cholesterol that protects against CVD, while LDL is 'bad' cholesterol that increases CVD risk.
58
True or False: Smoking can damage artery linings.
True
59
How does estrogen affect women's risk of CVD?
Estrogen provides some protection from CVD before menopause.
60
What lifestyle change can reduce the risk of CVD?
Regular vigorous exercise
61
What are the effects of high blood cholesterol?
Leads to fatty deposition in artery walls, narrowing the coronary arteries.
62
What is the impact of high blood pressure on arteries?
Damages the lining of arteries and increases the risk of blood clots.
63
Fill in the blank: Smoking increases blood pressure and the risk of _______.
aneurysm
64
What types of treatments are available for CVD?
* Anti-hypertensive medications (diuretics, calcium channel blockers) * Statins * Transplantation * Immunosuppressants
65
What is the benefit of using statins?
Reduces LDL cholesterol by inhibiting an enzyme in the liver.
66
What are some risks associated with immunosuppressants?
Increased risk of infections and risk of rejection.
67
What is the Framingham study known for?
Investigating the link between cholesterol types and coronary heart disease (CVD).
68
What are the two types of cholesterol?
* High density lipoprotein (HDL) * Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
69
What happens to the elasticity and width of arteries with age?
They decrease.
70
What is a potential consequence of high blood pressure on coronary arteries?
Increases the risk of a blood clot blocking the arteries.
71
What is a key risk factor for CVD related to lifestyle?
Inactivity
72
Fill in the blank: Regular vigorous exercise reduces the risk of CVD by _______ blood pressure.
reducing
73
What symptoms may arise from the use of statins?
* Tiredness * Disturbed sleep * Nausea * Diarrhea * Headache * Muscle weakness
74
What is Daphnia commonly known as?
Water flea ## Footnote Daphnia is often used in scientific experiments due to its transparent body and simple nervous system.
75
Why is Daphnia used instead of humans for experiments?
Ethical reasons such as the inability to obtain consent and the need for dissection in humans ## Footnote Daphnia can be immobilized and observed without ethical concerns.
76
List two advantages of using Daphnia in experiments.
* Abundant in nature * Transparent, so heart can be seen ## Footnote Their simple nervous system makes them easier to study ethically.
77
What is a major limitation of using Daphnia as a model organism?
They are not human ## Footnote Conclusions drawn from Daphnia experiments should be carefully considered when applied to humans.
78
What is the first step in conducting an experiment with Daphnia?
Immobilise the Daphnia ## Footnote This is necessary for accurate observation and measurement.
79
How can you control other variables in a Daphnia experiment?
By controlling water temperature and using Daphnia of similar size and age ## Footnote This ensures that results are due to the variable being tested, such as caffeine concentration.
80
What temperature is recommended for Daphnia experiments involving substances like caffeine?
25°C ## Footnote This temperature maintains Daphnia activity while preventing enzyme denaturation.
81
What safety measures should be taken during Daphnia experiments?
* Do not mix water and electricity * Wash hands after handling Daphnia ## Footnote These measures ensure the safety of the experimenter and the integrity of the experiment.
82
True or False: Daphnia can give consent for experimentation.
False ## Footnote Unlike humans, Daphnia cannot provide consent, which is a major ethical consideration.
83
Fill in the blank: The heart rate of Daphnia can be measured by _______.
counting heartbeats ## Footnote This can be done using various methods, including marking dots on paper.
84
What should be monitored to ensure accurate measurements in Daphnia experiments?
Water temperature ## Footnote Maintaining a constant temperature is crucial to avoid variations in heart rate due to temperature changes.

Unit 5 Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions