B1 Flashcards
(36 cards)
State 4 factors which increase the risk of heart disease
- Smoking
- Eating too much saturated fat
- Eating too much salt
- Having high blood pressure
State 4 factors which increase resting blood pressure
- Stress
- Too much saturated fat
- Too much salt
- Too much alcohol regularly
- Being overweight
- Smoking
State 3 risks associated with high blood pressure
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Kidney damage
What is a thrombosis?
A blood clot
State 3 risks associated with having low blood pressure
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Poor circulation which can lead to organ failure
Explain why you need the following and how they are stored: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, iron, vitamin C, fibre, water
- Carbohydrates - for energy - stored as glycogen in liver or converted to fats
- Fats - for energy - stored under skin or around organs as adipose tissue
- Proteins - for growth and repair - not stored
- Iron - to make haemoglobin in red blood cells - not stored
- Vitamin C - to prevent scurvy - not stored
- Fibre - to prevent constipation - not stored
- Water - to prevent dehydration and replace water lost in sweat, tears and faeces
State 3 reasons why a balanced diet is not the same for everyone (state the factors that affect diet)
- Lifestyle
- Gender
- How active you are
- Religion
- Medical reasons
- Personal choice e.g. vegetarian
State 2 reasons why people in some developing countries do not get enough protein
- Overpopulation - not enough food to feed everyone
- Lack of investment in agricultural techniques - less food is produced so there is not enough to feed everybody
- Eating more second-class proteins than first-class proteins
Explain why some people in developed countries may get deficiency diseases
They may have low self-esteem and a poor self-image and so may eat little as a result
State 2 examples of non-infectious diseases and state what type of disease they are
- Scurvy (lack of vitamin C) - vitamin deficiency disease
- Anaemia (lack of iron) - mineral deficiency disease
- Red-green colour blindness - inherited disease
- Diabetes or cancer - body disorder
State 3 lifestyle choices which can reduce the risk of developing cancer
- Avoid sunburn when sunbathing (i.e don’t sunbathe too much)
- Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
- Do not eat too much red or processed food
- Do not eat too much fat to prevent becoming overweight
- Do not drink too much alcohol regularly
- Exercise regularly
State 3 ways to control the spread of malaria
- Drain areas of stagnant water (where female mosquitoes may lay eggs)
- Sleep under mosquito nets
- Use insect repellent
- Use insecticides to kill mosquitoes
Why don’t antibiotics work on viral cells?
Because viruses do not grow and have to metabolic reactions to prevent
Explain the different between antibiotic and antiviral drugs
Antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of certain bacteria or fungi while antiviral drugs inhibit the replication of viruses inside the host
State and explain 2 types of white blood cells
- Phagocytes - engulf (ingest) pathogens
- Lymphocytes - produce antibodies or antitoxins
Explain how antibodies deal with a pathogen
- Lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the antigens on a pathogen
- Antibodies lock onto the antigens of the pathogen
- Once the pathogen is coated with antibodies, it is ingested/engulfed and killed by phagocytes
Explain the difference between active and passive immunity
In active immunity, the body makes its own antibodies, while in passive immunity, antibodies are introduced into the body (the antibodies are not made in the body)
Explain accommodation (involving the lens changing shape, the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments) for close and distant objects
Close objects: - Ciliary muscles contract - Suspensory ligaments slacken - Lens shape: fat and rounded Distant objects: - Ciliary muscles relax - Suspensory ligaments become taut - Lens shape: flat and thin
State 6 parts of the eye and explain their purpose
- Pupil - hole in the iris which allows light to enter the eye
- Iris - contains pigment (coloured part of the eye) - muscle fibres which contract and relax to control the amount of light passing through the pupil (entering the eye)
- Cornea - refracts light rays into the eye
- Lens - refracts light rays onto the retina
- Retina - contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells which convert light energy into electrical impulses
- Optic nerve - carries electrical impulses from the retina to the brain
Explain the causes of long and short sight in terms of the shape of the eye
- Long sight is caused by the eyeball being too short, so light rays meet behind the retina rather than on it
- Short eight is caused by the eyeball being too long, so light rays meet in front of the retina rather than on it
Link convex and concave lenses to the type of vision problem they are used to correct
Concave - short sight
Convex - long sight
What is an effector in the reflex arc?
A muscle (contracts) or gland (secretes chemicals) that carries out a response.
State the reflex arc
(refer to notebook)
Explain the effects of smoking (carbon monoxide, tar, particulates, and nicotine)
Carbon monoxide:
- reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- if less blood gets to a foetus, it could cause the baby to have a low birth mass
Tar:
- is carcinogenic (cancer causing) so can cause throat or lung cancer - may damage ciliated epithelial cells and damage cilia, preventing them from working, leading to a build-up of mucus which causes smoker’s cough
Particulates:
- accumulate in lung tissue - when ingested by white blood cells, an enzyme is produced which harms alveoli, leading to emphysema
- nicotine - addictive and increases heart rate
