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Biology iGCSE > B1 and B2 - Characteristics of Living Organisms and Cells > Flashcards

B1 and B2 - Characteristics of Living Organisms and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of life: MRS GREN

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
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2
Q

Movement

A

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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3
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses

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4
Q

Respiration

A

The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy for metabolism

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5
Q

Growth

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

The processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

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8
Q

Nutrition

A

Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water

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9
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria

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10
Q

Parts of a plant cell

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole

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11
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

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12
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Partially permeable membrane which controls substances that move in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Structures found in the cells of green parts of plants only (leaves and stems) which contain a green pigment called chlorophyll in which photosynthesis occurs

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14
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs

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15
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membrane-bound structure involved in protein synthesis; covered in ribosomes and forms around the nucleus

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16
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Liquid that makes up most of the cell in which chemical reactions happen

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17
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Floating in the cytoplasm where energy is released from glucose from food; where most respiration happens

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18
Q

Function of cell wall

A

A tough outer layer of the cell, which contains cellulose to provide strength and support to the plant

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19
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis (making proteins)

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20
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, increase rate of chemical reactions

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21
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent

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22
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in which the solute dissolves

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23
Q

Soluble

A

A substance able to dissolve

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24
Q

DNA

A

Contains genetic information for the building and functioning of the cell

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25
Q

Electron microscope

A

Microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

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26
Q

Light microscope

A

Microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object

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27
Q

Nosepiece

A

Holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the objective lens to the specific lens one you want to use

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28
Q

Diaphragm

A

Controls the amount of light passing through the slide; located below the stage and is usually controlled by a round dial

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29
Q

Illuminator

A

Low voltage bulb which supplies light through the stage and onto to the specimen (sometimes mirrors)

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30
Q

Solution

A

The final product of dissolving (solute + solvent)

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31
Q

Eyepiece (ocular lense)

A

Magnifies an image, usually 10x

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32
Q

Eyepiece tube / body tube

A

Holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens

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33
Q

Objective lense

A

Most compound microscopes come with three or four objective lenses that revolve on the nosepiece (low, medium, high) The most common objective lenses have power of 4X, 10X and 40X

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34
Q

Arm

A

The Arm connects the base to the nosepiece and eyepiece; also used to carry the microscope.

35
Q

Stage

A

Where the specimen is places; supports the slide being observed

36
Q

Stage clips

A

Holds the slide in place on the stage

37
Q

Coarse focus

A

Knob that allows you to make major focusing adjustments (large knob)

38
Q

Fine focus

A

Knob that allows you to make fine focusing adjustments in smaller increments (small knob)

39
Q

Base

A

The main support of the microscope

40
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size

41
Q

Image size equation

A

Image size = magnification x actual size

42
Q

Actual size equation

A

Actual size = image size ÷ magnification

43
Q

Magnification of light microscope equation

A

Magnification of light microscope = Magnification of eyepiece lens × Magnification of objective lens

44
Q

Specialisation

A

The adaptation of an organism or organ to a special function or environment

45
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell function

A

Move dust and bacteria trapped in mucus out of the windpipe

46
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell adpatations

A

Small projections called ‘cilia’ to move mucus up the windpipe
- the mucus is produced by the goblet cells within the epithelial cell
- the sticky mucus traps particles, pathogens like bacteria or viruses and dust

47
Q

Sperm cell function

A

To fertilise the egg cell

48
Q

Sperm cell adaptations (4)

A
  • Flagella to help it swim
  • Mitochondria to release energy for swimming
  • Acrosome contains chemicals to break down egg membrane
  • Only half the DNA needed for a new person in nucleus
49
Q

Egg cell function

A

To be fertilised and grow into an embryo

50
Q

Egg cell adaptations (4)

A
  • Lots of cytoplasm for cell division
  • Only half the DNA needed for a new person in nucleus
  • Cytoplasm contains nutrients for growth of the developing embryo
  • Jelly membrane forms impenetrable barrier so no more than one sperm can fertilise
51
Q

Root hair cell function

A

To absorb water and minerals from the soil

52
Q

Root hair cell adaptations (4)

A
  • Large surface area - increases the rate of the absorption of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
  • Lots of mitochondria to release energy (sometimes needed to absorb minerals)
  • No chloroplast
  • Thin cell wall for quick and easy water movement
53
Q

Red blood cell function

A

Transport oxygen

54
Q

Red blood cell adaptations (4)

A
  • Large surface area due to biconcave shape
  • No nucleus (so more space for oxygen)
  • Contains haemoglobin
  • Small and flexible to fit through tiny blood vessels
55
Q

Palisade cell function

A

To carry out photosynthesis

56
Q

Palisade cell adaptations (2)

A
  • Lots of chloroplasts - increase rate of photosynthesis
  • Large surface area to absorb light
57
Q

Net movement

A

The movement of all the particles considered together as a group - not individual particles

58
Q

Active movement

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration with the use of energy (ATP) - they move against their concentration gradient (absorption) and so need additional energy

59
Q

Passive movement

A

The random movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy, from a high concentration to a low concentration

60
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration across a partially permeable membrane

61
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

62
Q

Molecules that generally can diffuse through a partially permeable membrane (3)

A

water, glucose, amino acids

63
Q

Molecules that generally can’t diffuse through a partially permeable membrane

A

protein, starch

64
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows only certain (smaller) particles to diffuse through it

65
Q

Factors of diffusion (5)

A
  • medium/state
  • distance of travel
  • concentration gradient
  • surface area : volume
  • temperature
66
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion?

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance between 2 places
- steep (greater difference): increase
- not steep (smaller difference): decrease

67
Q

How does the medium/state affect diffusion?

A

The difference in rate of diffusion if a substance is liquid or gas
- liquid: decrease (slower)
- gas: increase (faster)

68
Q

How does the distance of travel affect diffusion?

A

The distance molecules have to travel through the membrane
- longer distance: decrease (slower)
- shorter distance: increase (faster)

69
Q

How does the surface area affect diffusion?

A

The greater the surface area, the more space there will be for particles to diffuse
- large surface area: increase (faster)
- smaller surface area: decrease (slower)

70
Q

How does the temperature affect diffusion?

A

The temperature provides more kinetic energy to the particles, making them move faster
- high temperature: increase (faster rate)
- low temperature: decrease (slower rate)

71
Q

Dilute solution

A

Contains high concentration of water molecules

72
Q

Water potential

A

The quantity of water molecules within a substance

73
Q

Concentrated solution

A

Contains low concentration of water molecules

74
Q

What does more water mean in terms of water potential?

A

More water = higher water potential

75
Q

What does less water mean in terms of water potential?

A

Less water = lower water potential

76
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

77
Q

Turgor pressure

A

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall - cell wall helps plant cells from bursting

78
Q

3 stages of osmosis in animal and plant cells

A

Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic

79
Q

Hypertonic plant cells

A

Cells placed in a solution with a low water concentration compared to their contents (concentrated sugar solution) will lose water by osmosis
- called plasmolyzed

80
Q

Isotonic plant cells

A

The solution which it is placed in has equal concentration of solutes so water diffuses by osmosis in and out of the cell
- called flaccid

81
Q

Hypotonic plant cells

A

Plant cells placed in a solution with a high water concentration compared to their contents (eg water) will gain water by osmosis and swell up
- called turgid

82
Q

Hypertonic animal cells

A

Red blood cells placed in a solution with a lower water concentration compared to their contents (eg 1.7 percent salt solution) will lose water by osmosis and shrink
- called crenated

83
Q

Isotonic animal cells

A

Normal cell, balance concentration of water

84
Q

Hypotonic in animal cells

A

Red blood cells placed in a solution with a higher water concentration compared to their contents (eg pure water) will gain water by osmosis, swell up and burst
- called lysis

Biology iGCSE (13 decks)

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