B1 - Cell Biology

Question 1

Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 1

Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Fungi, and Protists

Question 2

What is a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 2

A cell that has a single DNA loop and may have one or more small rings called plasmids

Question 3

Examples of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 3

Bacteria,

Question 4

What is Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 4

A cell that lacks a nucleus

Question 5

What is a flagellum

Answer 5

A strand of protein that acts as a propeller to move cells forwards

Question 6

Benefits of Light Microscope

Answer 6

More affordable, easy to use, and able to magnify live specimens

Question 7

Benefits of Electron Microscope

Answer 7

Higher magnification, Higher resolution

Question 8

Disadvantages of Electron Microscope

Answer 8

Very expensive, cannot use live specimen

Question 9

What is Resolution

Answer 9

The ability to distinguish between two objects as seperate points

Question 10

What is Magnification

Answer 10

Making an image larger than the object

Question 11

Prefix: MEGA (M)

Answer 11

10^6 - 1 million times larger

Question 12

Prefix: KILO (K)

Answer 12

10^3 - 1000 times larger

Question 13

Prefix: DECI (d)

Answer 13

10^-1 10 times smaller

Question 14

Prefix: CENTI (c)

Answer 14

10^-2 100 times smaller

Question 15

Prefix: MILLI (m)

Answer 15

10^-3 1000 times smaller

Question 16

Prefix: MICRO ( u)

Answer 16

10^-6 1 million times smaller

Question 17

Prefix: NANO (n)

Answer 17

10^-9 1000 million times smaller

Question 18

Prefix: PICO (p)

Answer 18

10^-12 1 trillion time smaller

Question 19

Equation for Magnification

Answer 19

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

Question 20

What is differentiation

Answer 20

When a cell specializes to adapt to suit its function to become a specialized cell

Question 21

Types of Specialized animal cells

Answer 21

Nerve Cell, Muscle cell, Sperm cell

Question 22

Function of Nerve Cells

Answer 22

Carry electrical impulses around the body

Question 23

Function of Muscle cells

Answer 23

Contract and relax to allow movement

Question 24

Function of Sperm cells

Answer 24

Fertilise and egg cell

Question 25

Adaptations of Nerve Cells

Answer 25

- Dendrites for connections to other cells - Long axon to carry electrical impulses from one place to another - Synapses for impulses to pass containing mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter molecules

Question 26

Adaptations of Muscle Cells

Answer 26

- Special fibres that can slide over each other for contraction and relaxing -Lots of mitochondria for contraction -Store of glycogen which can be converted to glucose for respiration

Question 27

Adaptations of Sperm Cells

Answer 27

- Tail for movement -Middle section full of mitochondria to provide energy for tail to move -Digestive enzymes in acrosome (head) to break through egg -Large nucleus containing half the genetic info needed to make a human

Question 28

Example of specialized plant cells

Answer 28

Root Hair cell, Xylem cell, Photosynthetic cell (palisade cell), Phloem cell

Question 29

Function of root hair cell

Answer 29

Absorb water and minerals

Question 30

Function of Photosynthetic cell

Answer 30

Carry out phtotsynthesis

Question 31

Function of Xylem cell

Answer 31

Transports water and mineral ions form roots

Question 32

Function of Phloem cell

Answer 32

Transports glucose around plant

Question 33

Adaptations of Root hair cell

Answer 33

-Large surface area for osmosis -Large permanent vacuole to speed up osmosis -Lots of mitochondria providing energy for active transport -No chloroplasts

Question 34

Adaptations of Photosynthetic cells

Answer 34

-Lots of chloroplasts -usually found in outer layer of leaf

Question 35

Adaptations of Xylem cell

Answer 35

-Hollow tubes -Lignin makes cells strong and withstand pressure of water

Question 36

Adaptations of Phloem

Answer 36

-Companion cells -cell walls between cells

Question 37

Stage 1 of Cell Cycle

Answer 37

Cell growth (copying of cells) Copying of chromosomes

Question 38

Stage 2 of Cell Cycle

Answer 38

Mitosis

Question 39

Structure of Bacteria

Answer 39

Cell Mem Cell Wall Cytoplasm Plasmids Strands of DNA

Question 40

Stage 3 of Cell Cycle

Answer 40

Cell Division

Question 41

What happens during Stage 1 of Cell Cycle

Answer 41

Cell grows and duplicates subcellular structures Duplicates DNA

Question 42

What happens during Stage 2 of Cell Cycle

Answer 42

-Chromosomes line up at centre of cell and pulled apart by cell fibres (2 arms to opposite sides of cell) -Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, becoming nuclei -Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane divided 2 Daughter cells identical to parent cell

Question 43

How do Prokaryotic Cells divide?

Answer 43

Binary Fission

Question 44

What is the inhibition zone

Answer 44

The area bacteria have been killed

Question 45

Diffusion

Answer 45

Spreading out of particles from an area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION

Question 46

How to fasten Diffusion rate

Answer 46

Bigger concentration gradient Higher Temperature

Question 47

Osmosis

Answer 47

Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

Question 48

Active Transport

Answer 48

Lower to higher through permeable membrane