B1: Cell Biology

Question 1

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

Hold the cell tg, controlling what enters and leaves cell

Question 2

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Jelly like substance, chemical reactions happens, surrounds subcellur structures

Question 3

What is the DNA?

Answer 3

Genetic material ,controls activities of the cell

Question 4

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 4

Site of protein syntheses

Question 5

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Plant and animal cells. Cellemebran, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA enclosed in a nucleus, 10-100 micrometers

Question 6

Structure of a typical animal cell?

Answer 6

Nucleus w DNA, , cytoplasm, ribosomes , cell membranes, mitochondria

Question 7

Structure of a typical plant cell?

Answer 7

Cell wall (cellulose), permanent vacuole, ribosomes, chloroplasts,

Question 8

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 8

Bacterial cells, no nucleus, DNA is a single loop in the cytoplasm less than 1 micrometre

Question 9

Structure of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 9

Cell membrane, circular loop of DNA in cytoplasm, plasmid (DNA), robosomes, cell wall (peptidoglycan)

Question 10

Function of mitochondria?

Answer 10

Aerobic respiration, high rates of metabolism have more mitochondria

Question 11

Function of the nucleus?

Answer 11

Contains genetic material , controls cells activities

Question 12

Function of cell wall?

Answer 12

Defines shape, gives structure,

Question 13

Function of chloroplasts?

Answer 13

Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

Question 14

Function of vacuole?

Answer 14

Cell sap ( sugars and slats in water), storage, supports shape

Question 15

What is a specialised cell?

Answer 15

Structure that aids it’s specific function

Question 16

What is the function of a nerve cell?

Answer 16

Conducts electrical impulses

Question 17

How is a nerve cell adapted to its function?

Answer 17

LONG- can conduct impulses between different areas of the body
DENDRITES: (extensions of cytoplasm, can communicate w other nerve cells
FATTY SHESTH: covers axon, speeds up transmissions

Question 18

What is the function of a muscle cell?

Answer 18

Contraction for movements

Question 19

How is a muscle cell adapted to its function?

Answer 19

MANY MITOCHONDRIA: release energy for contraction
PROTEIN FILAMENTS: can slide over each other for contraction

Question 20

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A SPERM CELL?

Answer 20

Transfers genetic material to an egg cell for fertilisation

Question 21

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

Answer 21

MITOCHONDRIA: release energy for the tail
TAIL ROTATES: helps propelling to the egg
ACROSOME CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: can break down outer layer of cell

Question 22

What is the function of a root hair cell?

Answer 22

Absorption of water and mineral from soil

Question 23

How is a root hair cell adapted for its function?

Answer 23

ROOT HAIRS: increase surface area , faster osmosis
THINNER WALLS: shorter diffusion distance
MITOCHONDRIA: energy for active transport of minerals

Question 24

What is the function of a xylem cell?

Answer 24

Transport f water and dissolved ions in a plant

Question 25

How is a xylem cell adapted for its function?

Answer 25

NO WALLS ON THE TOP OR BOTTOM: forms a continuous tube for water is drawn up NO ORGANELLES: free passage of water OUTER WALLA THICKENED W LIGNIN: strengthens tubes

Question 26

What is the unction of a phloem cell?

Answer 26

Transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids up and down the plant

Question 27

How is a phloem cell adapted to its function?

Answer 27

HOLES IN THE TOP AND BOTTOM WALLS TO FROM SIEVE PLATE: allows sugars and amino acids to flow easily FEW SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES

Question 28

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 28

Process where a cell becomes specialised

Question 29

When do most cells differentiate in animal cells?

Answer 29

Early stages of development, animal cells lose their ability to differentiate after they have become specialised

Question 30

Where are stem cells in an animal?

Answer 30

ADULT: bone marrow EMBRYONC: embryo

Question 31

Where are stem cells in a plant?

Answer 31

Meristems

Question 32

How are electron microscopes better than light?

Answer 32

Better resolution, better magnification

Question 33

What is the magnification equation?

Answer 33

Image size/ actual size

Question 34

How many micrometers in in a millimetre?

Answer 34

1000

Question 35

What are chromosomes?

Answer 35

Coils of DNA in the nucleus

Question 36

What is a gene?

Answer 36

A short section of DNS that codes for a protein the controls a characteristic

Question 37

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 37

The series’s of steps a cell has to go through in order to divide

Question 38

What is stage 1 of the cell cycle?

Answer 38

Interphase: the cell grows and DNA is replicated

Question 39

What is stage 2 of the cell cycle?

Answer 39

Mitosis: chromosomes line up across the equator , each chromatic on one side, chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides, a new nucleus forms around these chromatids

Question 40

What is stage 3 of the cell cycle?

Answer 40

Cytokinesis: two identical daughter cells are formed as the cell membrane and cytoplasm pinches

Question 41

What is therapeutic cloning?

Answer 41

Embryonic stem cells are harvested with the same genes as a patient, so they won’t be rejected

Question 42

What are the benefits of research with stem cells?

Answer 42

Can be used to replace body parts Unwanted embryos can be used instead of being discarded

Question 43

What are negatives of stem cell research?

Answer 43

Destruction of embryo Religious or ethical beliefs

Question 44

How do you calculate the amount of time in a a stage of the cell cycle from a table with the observation of the amount of cells in that stage?

Answer 44

Length of time in stage = (observed no. Of cells) / (total number of cells observed) x total length of cell cycle

Question 45

What is diffusion?

Answer 45

Net movement of particles from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 46

What are the factors that affect diffusion rates?

Answer 46

Concentration gradient, temp., surface area

Question 47

What is osmosis?

Answer 47

Movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one through a a partially permeable embrace

Question 48

Does osmosis use energy?

Answer 48

No: moves down the concentration gradient

Question 49

When a cell is places into a solution, it can become isotonic? What does this mean?

Answer 49

When the concentration of sugar in the external solution is the same as the internal

Question 50

When a cell is places into a solution, it can become hypertonic? What does this mean?

Answer 50

Is the concentration of sugar is higher in the external solution, so water moves out of the cell

Question 51

When a cell is places into a solution, it can become hypotonic? What does this mean?

Answer 51

When the concentration of sugar is lower in the external solution, so water moves into the cell

Question 52

What happens to a hypotonic animal cell?

Answer 52

It’s can burts

Question 53

What happens to a hypertonic animal cell?

Answer 53

It can shrivel

Question 54

What happens to a hypertonic plant cell?

Answer 54

The cell wall will move away from the cell (plasmolysis)

Question 55

What happens to a hypotonic plant cell?

Answer 55

The plant cell becomes turgid

Question 56

What is active transport?

Answer 56

The movement of particles from an area of a low concentration to an area of higher

Question 57

Does active transport require energy?

Answer 57

Yes, against the gradient

Question 58

Examples of active transport?

Answer 58

Root hairs of a plant: mineral ions In the gut: sugar molecules

Question 59

Rp : potato osmosis thing😭🙏