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GCSE AQA Biology > B1 Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

B1 Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Light microscope and electron microscope

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2
Q

How to calculate magnification?

A

Magnification = Size of image / size of real object

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3
Q

What is the magnification of light microscopes?

A

Up to about x2000, and have a resolving power (detail) of about 200nm

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4
Q

What is the magnification of electron microscopes?

A

Up to about x2,000,000 and have a resolving power (detail) of around 0.2nm

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5
Q

What are the organelles in an animal cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
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6
Q

What are the organelles in a plant cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Control the activities of the cell
  • Contains the genes and chromosomes needed to make new cells and organisms
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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

A liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions for the cell happen

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where respiration occurs. Oxygen and glucose react to release energy

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11
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place. All proteins needed in a cell are made here.

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12
Q

Why do plant cells have more organelles than animal cells?

A

Plants need to make their own food

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose. Gives the cell structure and the plant strength and support

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14
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

It is what makes the plant green. Also where photosynthesis takes place

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Keeps the plant rigid and filled with sap (storage of material)

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16
Q

The beginning of life on Earth

A

Began with a single-celled organism-like bacteria called prokaryotic cells. After millions of years, through evolution, eukaryotic cells came into being

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • Do not have “membrane-bound organelles”
  • No distinct nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts or any other internal organelles in the same way plant and animal cells do
18
Q

What are the organelles in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Genetic Material
  • Flagella
19
Q

Order of magnitude

A

Number of zeros - 10x OM of 1
if the number doesn’t end with a zero, round it to the nearest order. E.g. 12x is close to 10x than 100x so OM of 1

20
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

In multicellular organisms, cells specialise so that they are very good at carrying out a particular function -> need adaptations. This is called differentiation

21
Q

Function of the nerve cell (Neurone)

A

Carry electrical signals around the body providing a rapid communication system between the different parts of the body

22
Q

Adaptations of the nerve cell (Neurone)

A
  • Lots of connections to other nerve cells (Dendrites)
  • Very long axon -> carry electrical signals
  • Lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed
  • Synapse -> connect neurons to help transmit information from one neuron to the next
23
Q

Function of the muscle cell

A

Contract to bring about movement

24
Q

Adaptations of the muscle cell

A
  • Special proteins that slide over each other making fibres contract
  • Many mitochondria for respiration to produce energy
  • Store glycogen -> chemical that can be broken down and used in respiration by the mitochondria if needed.
25
Q

Function of the sperm cell

A

Transfer genetic information from the male parent during reproduction

26
Q

Adaptations of the sperm cell

A
  • Long tail to help the sperm move
  • Lots of mitochondria to transfer energy to the tail
  • Head stores enzymes to break down the outer layer of the egg cell
  • Nucleus to store genetic information
27
Q

Function of the root hair cell

A

Absorb water and mineral ions

28
Q

Adaptations of the root hair cell

A
  • Large surface area -> increases rate of diffusion and active transport
  • Large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis
  • Lots of mitochondria that transfer energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells
29
Q

Function of the photosynthetic cell

A

Make food using photosynthesis

30
Q

Adaptations of the photosynthetic cell

A
  • Contain chloroplasts -> Where photosynthesis work
  • Large permanent vacuole to help keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis. This helps support the stem and keeps the leaf spread out.
  • Regular shape -> Has a cell wall and vacuole to keep it rigid
31
Q

Function of the xylem cell

A

Carries water and mineral ions from roots to all leaves and shoots

32
Q

Adaptations of the xylem cell

A
  • Lignin to strengthen
  • Cells die and form hollow tubes allowing water to move easily through them
33
Q

Function of the phloem cell

A

Carries food (sugar) made from photosynthesis around the plant

34
Q

Adaptations of the phloem cell

A
  • Cell walls between cells break down to form special sieve plates (like a colander)
  • Lose a lot of the internal structure but are supported by companion cells that keep them alive
  • Mitochondria of the companion cells transfer the energy needed to move the food
35
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a high to low concentration

36
Q

Factors to speed up diffusion

A
  • Temperature
  • Bigger surface area
  • Higher concentration gradient
37
Q

How does an increase in temperature speed up the rate of diffusion?

A

The higher the temperature, the more energy the particles will have, increasing their random movement.

38
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water from a high to low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane -> dilute to concentration solution

39
Q

What causes water to move in or out of a cell?

A

Differences in the concentrations of solutions inside and outside a cell cause movement via osmosis

40
Q

How can animal cells be damaged from osmosis?

A

When the concentration outside the cell changed dramatically. E.g. pouring salt on a slug causes it to die from osmosis

41
Q
A

GCSE AQA Biology (18 decks)

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