B1 Cell Transport and Structure

Question 1

How to calculate magnification

Answer 1

Size of image/ size of real object

Question 2

What are all living things made of

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

What types of cell are there

Answer 3

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Question 4

What makes prokaryotes simpler

Answer 4

THey are single cell organisms while eukaryotic cells are complex and include all plant and animal cells

Question 5

WHat is the nucleus

Answer 5

contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell

it contains the genes of the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms.

Question 6

HOw do you convert mm to μm

Answer 6

x1000

Question 7

Name a cub-cellular structure that is found in most plant cells that is missing from an onion cell

Answer 7

chloroplast

Question 8

What is cytoplasm

Answer 8

A gel-like substance in which organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place

Question 9

What is the cell membrane

Answer 9

holds the cell together and controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions in and out of the cell.

Question 10

What are the mitochondria

Answer 10

these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration happen. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

Question 11

WHat are ribosomes

Answer 11

WHere protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in a cell

Question 12

Where are ribosomes attached

Answer 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

What additional structures do plant cells have

Answer 13

-rigid cell wall
-permanent vacuole
-chloroplasts

Question 14

What is the rigid cell wall

Answer 14

made of cellulose, supports the plant cell and strengthens it

Question 15

What is the permanent vacuole

Answer 15

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts. THis is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant nucleus

Question 16

What are chloroplasts

Answer 16

THese are found in all the green parts of a plant, they are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs the light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis

Question 17

Why don’t root hair cells have chloroplasts

Answer 17

THey are underground and do not photosynthesise

Question 18

WHat eukaryotic components do bacteria not have

Answer 18

-chloroplasts
-mitochondria

Question 19

What do bacteria cells have instead of a ‘true’ nucleus

Answer 19

a singular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

Question 20

How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different from each other

Answer 20

> prokaryotic cells are smaller
prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria but eukaryotes do
prokaryotes don’t have a true nucleus
Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA

Question 21

What does the flagella enable

Answer 21

movement

Question 22

What does the plasmid carry

Answer 22

antibiotic resistant genes and spreads them

Question 23

What are algae

Answer 23

simple aquatic organisms that also make their own food by photosynthesis

Question 24

Give 2 advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope

Answer 24

-higher resolution
-higher magnification

Question 25

Name a disadvantage of an electron microscope

Answer 25

-Can only view dead things -THey are very bulky -expensive

Question 26

I am looking at onion cells. The cells on the slide appear to measure 5mm with a magnification of x200. What is the actual size of the cell

Answer 26

5/200 = 0.025mm size of image/ magnification

Question 27

What is 1mm in micrometres

Answer 27

1mm= 1000 micrometres

Question 28

Explain how to view onion cells using a microscope

Answer 28

1. Collect sample of Cell 2. Remove inner skin of onion using forceps 3. Place thin slice on glass slide, use forceps to keep skin flat on slide 4. Use pipette to add 1-2 drops of dilute iodine solution on top of onion skin 5. hold cover slip by its side and lay one edge of cover slip onto the microscope slide near the specimen 6. Lower cover slip slowly so liquid spreads out

Question 29

How to find FOV

Answer 29

FOV=(original magnification/ new magnification)x original FOV

Question 30

How to find the length of a cell

Answer 30

FOV/ Number of Cells

Question 31

How to find magnification

Answer 31

observed cell length/ actual cell length

Question 32

A student looks at an image of a cell with a diameter of 8mm. The cell has an actual diameter of 0.02mm, calculate the magnification.

Answer 32

8/0.02= mag 400x

Question 33

What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 33

-They both contain a form of DNA -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Both have a membrane

Question 34

What is the function and adaptation of a ciliated epitheal cell

Answer 34

To move mucus up the wind pipe, cilia are the extensions of the cell membrane

Question 35

What is the function and adaptation of a sperm cell

Answer 35

function: fertilises an egg adaptation: -tail enables movement -middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move -Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of egg -Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on

Question 36

What is the function and adaptation of a nerve cell

Answer 36

function: carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another adaptation: -lots of dendrites to make connections to other cells -long axon that carries nerve impulses -synapses pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals -Mitochondria to provide energy to make the chemicals

Question 37

What is the function and adaptation of a muscle cell

Answer 37

function: to contract quickly adaptation: - special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract -mitochondria to generate energy for contraction

Question 38

What is the function and adaptation of a red blood cell

Answer 38

function: transport the oxygen from lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration adaptation: -no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin -biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen absorption -thin sheet, short diffusion path

Question 39

What is the function and adaptation of a root hair cell

Answer 39

function: help roots to take up water and mineral ions adaptation: -greatly increase surface area available for water to move in -many mitochondria that provide energy fr active transport of minerals into root hair cell -large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from the soil to the root

Question 40

What is the function and adaptation of a photosynthesis cell

Answer 40

function: capturing solar energy and turning it into glucose/ sugar adaptation: -contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll -positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of stem to absorb light -large permanent vacuole that keeps cell rigid due to osmosis

Question 41

What is the function and adaptation of a fat storage (adipose) cell

Answer 41

function- store fat adaptation: large amount of lipids in cytoplasm

Question 42

What is the function and adaptation of a xylem

Answer 42

function: carry water and mineral ions adaptations: - continuous tube -one way travel -dead -spirals of lignin as reinforcement

Question 43

What is the function and adaptation of a phloem

Answer 43

-carries water and food -has end walls (sieve plates) -two way movement -cells are living but need support

Question 44

Loops of circular DNA found in bacterial cells- they are sometimes swapped between bacteria

Answer 44

plasmids

Question 45

the control centre of a cell, where DNA is found

Answer 45

nucleus

Question 46

protective membrane that surrounds the kidney

Answer 46

capsule

Question 47

what function and adaptation does a ciliated cell have

Answer 47

cilia move mucus up the wind pipe cilia are extensions of the cell membrane

Question 48

what function and adaptation does a sperm cell have

Answer 48

>fertilises and egg >tail enables movement >middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move >Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of egg >large nucleus to contain genetic information to be passed on

Question 49

what function and adaptation does a photosynthesis cell have

Answer 49

>captures solar energy and turns it into glucose/sugar >contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll >positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer stems to absorb light >large permanant vacuole to keep cell rigid due to osmosis

Question 50

what function and adaptation does a nerve cell have

Answer 50

>carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another >adaptations -has lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells -long axon that carries nerve impulse -synapses to pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals -mitochondria to provide energy to make chemicals

Question 51

what function and adaptation does a muscle cell have

Answer 51

>function- to contract quickly >special proteins that slide over each other make the fibres contract -mitochondria generate energy for contraction

Question 52

what function and adaptation does a xylem cell have

Answer 52

-carries water and mineral ions -continuous tube -one way travel -dead cell -spirals of lignin for reinforcement

Question 53

what function and adaptation does a phloem have

Answer 53

-carries food and water -has end walls/ sieve plates -two way movement -cells are living but need support

Question 54

what function and adaptation does a red blood cell have

Answer 54

function- transport the oxygen from the lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration adaptation- -no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin -biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen -thin/short diffusion path

Question 55

what function and adaptation does a root hair cell have

Answer 55

function- helps roots to take up water and mineral ions -adaptations- greatly increase the surface area available for water to move in -large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from soil to root

Question 56

What is diffusion

Answer 56

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration- down a concentration gradient

Question 57

What is osmosis

Answer 57

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 58

WHat does a high water concentration mean

Answer 58

high water conc. --->> low water conc. dilute solution concentrated solution

Question 59

What are hypotonic, isotonic, and hyper tonic

Answer 59

hypotonic- solutions are weaker than the solution inside the cell isotonic- solutions are the same strength as the solution inside hypertonic- solution is stronger than the solution inside

Question 60

What is the equation for photosynethesis

Answer 60

CO2 + H2O --> O2 +glucose

Question 61

WHat is the rate of diffusion affected by?

Answer 61

difference in concentration, temperature, surface area

Question 62

What is active transport

Answer 62

Active transport moves a substance against a concentration gradient -it uses energy from respiration to provide energy -it allows root hairs to absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions in soil against a concentration gradient