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Biology > B1, Cells > Flashcards

B1, Cells Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cell’s activities and stores genetic material (DNA)

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2
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Performs cellular aerobic respiration

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3
Q

Function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions occur, such as anaerobic respiration

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4
Q

Function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesises protein from amino acids

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6
Q

Function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens cell, provides structural support. Is made form cellulose fibres

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7
Q

Function of the chloroplast?

A

Performs photosynthesis, contains enzymes needed for this reaction to occur

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8
Q

Where are chlorophyll found? What is their function?

A

In the chloroplast, absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells include (3):

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells include (2):

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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11
Q

Name differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Large organelles, for example mitochondria and chloroplast can only be found in eukaryotes

Prokaryotes contain plasmids

In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus. In prokaryotes, DNA is free - floating

Eukaryotes are considerably larger than prokaryotes

Eukaryotes divide by mitosis, prokaryotes divide by binary fission

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12
Q

What are plasmids?

A

A ring of DNA found in prokaryotic cells

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13
Q

Define ‘stem cell’

A

Type of unspecialised cell that can differentiate into specialised cells

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14
Q

Define ‘differentiation’

A

Process of a cell dividing into specialised cells with specific functions and adaptions

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15
Q

Define ‘specialised cell’

A

Cells that have specific roles, and are structurally adapted to perform their function

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16
Q

Name 3 types of stem cells and whether they are found in animals or plants

A

Embryonic stem cell (animal), Adult stem cell (animal), Meristem (plant)

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17
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found? What cells can they differentiate into?

A

Found in early stages of an embryo’s development, can differentiate into ANY specialised cells

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18
Q

Where are adult stem cells found? What cells can they differentiate into?

A

Found in the brain, blood, heart, liver, bone marrow, skin, muscle etc. Can only differentiate into a limited range of specialised cells

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19
Q

Where are meristems found? What cells can they differentiate into?

A

Found at the tip of shoots in a growing plant, can REPEATEDLY differentiate into many types of specialised cells

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20
Q

Name an advantage of using embryonic stem cells to cure disease

A

Can cure a wider range of illnesses as they can differentiate into ANY specialised cell

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21
Q

Name a disadvantage of using embryonic stem cells to cure disease

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A

Ethical/moral issues around harvesting stem cells from embryos, as they would likely be destroyed (potential life)

22
Q

Name 2 advantages of using adult stem cells to cure disease

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A

No ethical issues, procedure is relatively safe and recovery is quick

23
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of using adult stem cells to cure disease

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A

Limited number of diseases that can be treated

Risk of infection for donor and patient

24
Q

Name 4 conditions that can be cured with stem cells

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A

Type 1 diabetes

Multiple sclerosis that lead to paralysis

Spinal cord/brain injury that lead to paralysis

Blood cancers, for example leukaemia and lymphoma

25
Name 2 benefits of cloning meristematic cells
Produce genetically identical crops with desirable traits such as ideal taste / disease resistance Preserve endangered plant species by increasing population
26
Describe the 4 steps of therapeutic cloning
1) Remove nucleus from patient's cell 2) Remove and destroy nucleus from donor's egg cell 3) Place patient's nucleus into donor's empty egg cell 4) Stimulate it to divide
27
What is the advantage of therapeutic cloning?
Healthy egg cells are genetically compatible with the patient's body, they will not be rejected
28
What are chromosomes? Where are they found?
A length of DNA, found in pairs in the nucleus.
29
What is a gene?
A section of chromosome that codes for the production of a protein
30
What are different variations of the same gene called?
Alleles
31
How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?
23
32
Why do cells divide? Give 2 reasons
Growth, replace old / damaged cells
33
Describe the 3 stages of the cell cycle and what happens in each
1) The cell grows larger, organelles in it are replicated. Each chromosome has also been copied, but they are attached to the original (DNA synthesis) 2) The original and copied chromosomes are pulled apart, one set to each end of the nucleus. The nucleus is then split to two, and pulled to each end of the cell (mitosis) 3) The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells
34
What stage of the cell cycle is longest?
1 (Growth)
35
Name the function and adaptions of neurones (nerve cells)
Function: To carry electrical impulses Adaptations: - Extended shape to connect the central nervous system to different parts of the body - Myelin sheath to cover the axon, insulating the nerve cell - Branches out to connect to other cells
36
Name the function and adaptions of sperm cells
Function: Fertilise the ovule and contain genetic information Adaptations: - Acrosome (tip of sperm) contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate into the ovule - Haploid nucleus contains a set of individual chromosomes, half of an organism's genetic information - Midpiece is filled with mitochondria, provides energy for cell to move - Tail is used to swim towards ovule
37
Name the function and adaptions of muscle cells
Function: Contract and relax to create movement Adaptations: - Developed mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction - Contains filaments of protein that slide over each other to cause muscle contraction - stores glycogen, a substance that is broken down to glucose for respiration to release energy
38
Name the function and adaptions of red blood cells
Function: Transport oxygen to the body's tissues Adaptations: - No nucleus ; more space for larger volume of haemoglobin - Thin, flexible + biconcave cross section to travel through capillaries - Large surface area to volume ratio: short diffusion distance to reach the cell, efficient gaseous exchange
39
Name the function and adaptions of root hair cells
Function: Absorb water and minerals from surroundings into the plant Adaptations: - Long extension increases surface area. Diffusion, osmosis and active transport can occur across a larger surface, rate of exchange increases = more water and minerals absorbed - Thin cell walls for short exchange distance
40
Name the function and adaptions of xylem cells
Function: Carry water and minerals UP a plant, from the roots to the leaves (translocation) Adaptations: - Made of hollow, dead cells that water and minerals can flow through - Buildup of lignin that spirals inside the cell walls, strengthens the cell against water pressure
41
Name the function and adaptions of phloem
Function: Carry sugars, amino acids and minerals UP AND DOWN a plant (translocation) Adaptations: - Cell membranes have holes (sieve plates) to allow substances to pass through - Companion cells respire to release energy needed for movement of substances by active transport
42
Equation(s) for magnification
Magnification = Size of image / Real size of object Total magnification = Magnification of eyepiece lens x Magnification of objective lens
43
State differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes
Max magnification: Light ~2000 /// Electron ~1,000,000 Cost: Light ~100 - 2000 /// Electron ~100,000 - 1,000,000 Light microscopes are portable and accessible for students Electron microscopes are large, heavy and difficult to use
44
Surface area to volume ratio is written in the form...
n : 1
45
Why is a large surface area to volume ratio important?
Faster and more efficient exchanges (diffusion, osmosis, active transport) across cell membrane
46
Define 'diffusion'
Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
47
Define 'osmosis'
Net movement of WATER particles from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable cell membrane
48
Define 'active transport'
Net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the concentration gradient (active process, requires energy)
49
Turgid vs flaccid in plant cells
Turgid: Plant cell is swollen with wall, pressing against cell wall. Water moved into cell by osmosis Flaccid: Plant cell is soft and less rigid. Water moved out of cell by osmosis
50
Name 3 factors affecting the exchange of substances
1) Concentration gradient. The greater the difference in concentration from the start to end of diffusion, the quicker the process of exchange 2) Temperature: The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy store of particles. This allows them to move faster, quickening the process of exchange 3) Surface Area: The greater the surface area, the higher the rate of exchange.
51
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