B1 COPY

Question 1

What is eukaryotic cell? What does it contain?

Answer 1

A cell that stores its genetic material inside its nucleus
It contains:
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm
-Partial permeable membrane
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes

Question 2

What is a prokaryotic cell? What does it contain?

Answer 2

A cell which contains its genetic material inside one long circular chromosome
It contains:
-One long circular chromosome
-Plasmids(loops of DNA)
-Cell membranes

Question 3

What are chromosomes?

Answer 3

Genetic material is stored as chromosomes.

-Usually come in pairs

Question 4

What is the genome?

Answer 4

The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism.

Question 5

What are genes?

Answer 5

• Genes are short lengths of DNA on a chromosome.

- Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids.

Question 6

What are alleles?

Answer 6

Alleles are different versions of the same gene.

Question 7

What is your genotype?

Answer 7

The combination of alleles an organism has for each gene.

Question 8

What is the phenotype?

Answer 8

The characteristics an organism displays.

Question 9

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 9

DNA is made up of monomers.
-Adenine
-Cytosine
-Guanine
-Thymine
Parts of DNA always have the same phosphate and sugar, but different bases.

Question 10

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 10

The DNA contains the gene for coding the protein:

• In the nucleus, the 2 DNA strands unzip
• DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
• The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it joins to a ribosome.
• Amino acids are then joined together by the ribosome, which creates a protein.

Question 11

What are mutations? What types of mutations are there?

Answer 11

Mutations are changes to the genome.
-Insertions
-Deletions
-Substitutions
Mutations can affect the proteins an organism makes.

Question 12

What does homozygous for a trait mean?

Answer 12

Two alleles the same e.g.CC

Question 13

What does heterozygous for a trait mean?

Answer 13

Two different alleles e.g. Cc

Question 14

What was Gregor Mendel’s first cross?

Answer 14

He crossed a TT(tall plant) with a tt(dwarf plant)

All of his offspring were Tt

Question 15

What was Gregor Mendel’s second cross?

Answer 15

He crossed the offspring of the first results together (Tt)He found that 1/4 of the offspring were small
This showed him that T was the dominant allele.

Question 16

How has our understanding of genetics developed since Mendel?

Answer 16

• We now know the “inherited factors” are genes.
• We can find out the order of an organisms genes
• Scientists can identify which parts of the genome control certain characteristics.

Question 17

What are the positives of genetic testing?

Answer 17

• If people know they have a disease, they could change their lifestyle.
• Treatment can begin early
• Genetic testing can show a couple how likely the chance of disease is for a baby.

Question 18

What are the negatives of genetic testing?

Answer 18

• Discrimination
• Increased stress
• False positives and false negatives

Question 19

How does genetic engineering work?

Answer 19

• Useful gene isolated
• Plasmid cut open
• Gene inserted into plasmid.
• Mixed with bacteria to make the bacteria become genetically modified.
• Cells then replicate.

Question 20

How can genetic engineering be useful in medicine and agriculture?

Answer 20

• Produces more food for population

- Genetically engineering bacteria to produce insulin is very useful