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Biology > B1 Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

B1 Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How do you use a

light microscope?

A
  1. Turn on the light.
  2. Put the specimen on the stage.
  3. Move the stage all the way up.
  4. Look through the eyepiece.
  5. Focus the image using the focusing knobs.
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2
Q

What is

magnification?

A

how large the image is compared to the object

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3
Q

What equation links

image size, actual size and magnification?

(I, A, M)

A

image size = actual size x magnification

I = A x M

I am

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4
Q

Define

resolution.

A

the smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as two points

(low resolution - blurry image)

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5
Q

What is the function of the

nucleus?

A

contains all the DNA

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6
Q

What is the function of the

mitochondria?

A

releases energy

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7
Q

What is the function of the

ribosomes?

A

makes proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of the

chloroplasts?

A

to photosynthesise

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9
Q

What is the function of the

cell membrane

A

control what goes in and out of the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the

cell wall?

A

strengthen the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the

vacuole?

A

provide the cell with support

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12
Q

What is the function of the

cytoplasm?

(not actually and organelle)

A

provide area for most chemical reactions to occur

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13
Q

What is the function of the

lysosomes?

A

break down cell parts and destroy invading viruses and bacteria

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14
Q

Define

organelle.

A

structure inside a cell

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15
Q

What organelles are present in a

plant cell?

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • chloroplasts
  • nucleus
  • mitchocondria
  • vacuole
  • ribosomes
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16
Q

What plant cell organelles can be seen under

both an electron and light microscope?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast

electron microscope allows you to see the
- mitchocondria
- ribosomes

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17
Q

What organelles are present in an

animal cell?

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • mitchocondria
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18
Q

What plant cell organelles can be seen under

both an electron and light microscope?

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane

electron microscope allows you to see
- ribosomes
- mitchocondria

19
Q

What organelles are present in

bacterial cells?

A
  • flagellum
  • slime coat
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • chromosonal DNA
  • plasmid DNA
20
Q

What is the function of the

flagellum?

A

assists movement

21
Q

What is the function of the

slime coat?

A

protects from dehydration

22
Q

What is the function of the

chromosonal DNA?

A

stores DNA

23
Q

What is the

plasmid DNA?

A

a ring of DNA

24
Q

What are the defining characteristics of

prokaryotic cells?

(and some examples)

A
  • no nucleus
  • no mitchocondria or chloroplasts

(e.g. bacteria, archaea)

25
Q

What are the defining characteristics of

eukaryotic cells?

(and some examples)

A
  • cells with a nucleus

(e.g. animal, plant, fungi, protist)

26
Q

What does biological mean?

A

made up of protein

27
Q

What is a

catalyst?

A

anything that speeds up reactions

28
Q

What is

catalase?

A

the enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

29
Q

Define

active site.

A

the site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs

30
Q

Define

substrate.

A

the molecule the enzyme acts on

31
Q

Define

product molecule.

A

the molecule the enzyme produces

32
Q

Describe the relationship between

temperature and enzyme activity.

A

Initially, as the temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. Once the enzyme has passed its optimum temperature, enzyme activity slows down.

33
Q

Explain the relationship between

temperature and enzyme activity.

A

Initially, as the temperature increases, the enzymes have more energy so move around more. This means that they are more likely to come into contact with the enzyme. Once the enzyme has surpassed its optimum temperature, it starts to denature. Once denatured this cannot be reversed.

34
Q

Describe the relationship between

pH and enzyme activity.

A

Enzyme activity works best at its optimum pH. Anything around this is fine. However, anything too much lower or higher denatures the enzyme. This denaturing is reversible.

35
Q

Explain the relationship between

pH and enzyme activity.

A

When the pH isn’t optimum for the enzyme, it denatures due to all of the protons that are being added/removed. This denaturing is reversible because the protons can just be added/removed again to reach the optimum.

36
Q

Describe the relationship between

substrate concentration and enzyme activity.

A

The higher substrate concentration, the higher enzyme activity. Enzyme activity plateaus at a certain point.

37
Q

Explain the relationship between

substrate concentration and enzyme activity.

A

The higher the substrate concentration, the more likely the substrate will react with the enzyme.

38
Q

Define

osmosis.

A

the flow of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

39
Q

How can you calculate the energy released from food in calorimetry?

A

energy released from food
=.
mass of water x temperature rise
/
mass of food sample

40
Q

Why do food vary in their energy content?

A

because different foods are made up of different biological molecules

41
Q

How can you test for

proteins?

A

carry out the biuret test
purple is a positive result
light blue is a negative result

42
Q

How can you test for

fats and oils?

(lipids)

A

carry out the ethanol emulsion test
cloudy is a positive result
clear is a negative result

43
Q

How can you test for

reducing sugars?

A

use benedicts solution
red is a positive result
blue is a negative result

44
Q

How can you test for

starch?

A

use iodine solution
blue-black is a positive result
no colour change is a negative result

Biology (4 decks)

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