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B1- Understanding Ourselves Flashcards

0
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A

Smoking, weight, too much alcohol and stress

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1
Q

What does high blood pressure cause?

A

Strokes, Brain damage and Kidney Damage

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2
Q

What is blood pressure measured in?

A

Mm of mercury, mmHg

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3
Q

What is the systolic pressure?

A

When the heart contracts and the blood pressure is at its highest

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4
Q

What happens if you have low blood pressure?

A

Poor circulation will be caused so cells don’t get enough food and oxygen therefore you feel dizzy and you faint

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5
Q

What does it mean to be healthy?

A

To be healthy is to be free of any infections or disease

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6
Q

What does being fit mean?

A

How well you perform in physical tasks

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7
Q

Why does smoking increase blood pressure?

A

Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen carries therefore the heart has to contract more this increasing the pressure.
Nicotine increases the heart rate.

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8
Q

How does eating a lot of saturated fats lead to a heart attack?

A

It causes a build of cholesterol which is needed to make cell membranes but too much can cause it to build up in the arteries. Plaques then form on the artery walls which makes it more narrow. Therefore blood flow is restricted and the heart receives less oxygen. As a result it has a heart attack.

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9
Q

How does high salt levels increase the risk of a heart attack?

A

High blood pressure is caused by too much salt as it encourages the buildup of plaque which can lead to a heart attack .

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10
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates, what are they made of and where are they stored ?

A

Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars like glucose. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver as glycogen or converted into fats.

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11
Q

What is the function of proteins, where are they stored and what are they made of ?

A

Proteins are made up of amino acid,they are needed for growth and repair and they are not stored in the body .

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12
Q

What is the function of fats, where are they stored in the body and what are they made of ?

A

Facts are needed to provide energy and insulation. Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. They are stored under the skin or around organs as adipose tissues.

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13
Q

What is the difference between first-class proteins and second-class proteins?

A

First-class proteins are found in meat whereas second-class proteins are found in plants. First-class proteins contain all essential amino acids whereas second-class proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids .

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14
Q

Why do some people have different diets ?

A

There are religious reasons ,personal reasons and medical reasons

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15
Q

What does too little protein courts ?

A

It causes malnourishment and in a serious case it will cause a condition called Kwashiorkor.

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16
Q

What is EAR?

A

It is estimated average daily requirement of protein and can be calculated using the formula 0.6 times body-mass. It is just an estimation and varies with age and whether the person is pregnant.

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17
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI is body mass divided by height squared .

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18
Q

What are the four types of pathogens and give examples ?

A

The first example is fungi and an example is athletes foot.
The second type is bacteria an example is cholera.
The third type is a virus and an example is the flu.
The fourth time is a protozoa and an example is dysentery.

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19
Q

Discuss how malaria is spread.

A

Malaria is caused by a protozoan. It is carried by mosquitoes which are the vectors. It is a parasite and that means that it lives off another organism by harming it. Mosquitoes do not get infected.

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20
Q

How can we reduce the spread of malaria?

A

We can reduce the spread of malaria by draining as a stagnant water which is where mosquitoes lay their eggs. People can also use insecticides and mosquitoes nets.

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21
Q

What are the three ways that your immunes system deals with pathogens?

A

The first way is when white blood cells in engulf foreign cells and digest them.
The second way is by producing antitoxins which counter the effect of any toxins produced by the invading pathogens.
The final method is producing antibodies. Each pathogen has a unique surface where molecules called antigens are. Your white blood cells produce antibodies to lock on and kill new invading cells. The antibodies are specific to that specific pathogen. Antibodies are remembered my memory cells therefore if any person is infected by the same pathogen again the cells remember it immediately and then kill the pathogen.

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22
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Active immunity is when the immune system makes its own antibodies and it includes becoming naturally immune and artificially immune through the process of vaccinations. It is permanent.

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23
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity is when you use antibodies made by another organism to combat pathogens and it is only temporary.

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24
Describe how a vaccination works?
In a vaccination a person is injected with a dead or inactive pathogen. They have antigens even though they are harmless yet they still trigger the immune response where the white blood cells produce antibodies. The antibodies are then remembered in the memory cells therefore if the same pathogen ever enters the body then antibodies be quickly produced.
25
What are the disadvantages of vaccinations ?
There are short-term side-effects such as swelling and redness. Also you cannot have some vaccinations if you are already ill. Some people think vaccinations can cause other disorders such as a link in MMR vaccine and autism.
26
What type of pathogens do antibiotics not kill ?
Viruses
27
What is a benign tumour ?
A benign tumour is where the tumour grows until there is no more room. The cell stay where they are. It is not normally a day just type.
28
What is a malignant tumour?
A malignant tumour is where the tumour grows can spread to other sites in the body. They are dangerous and can be fatal.
29
Describe the stages of drug development
The first stages on computer models where their human response is stimulated they can identify promising jobs through this method but it is not as accurate as seeing the effect on a real-life organism. The next stage is to be tested on human tissue however this is not a see how the drug will affect the model systems in the body. After that the drug is tested on animals, some people think this is cruel however others believed it is the safest way to make sure drugs are not dangerous before giving it to humans . The final stage is a clinical trial weather druggies tested on humans.
30
Explain what a placebo is and why it is used
A placebo is a drug that does nothing it is a sugar pill.It is used in a clinical trial to make sure that other factors such as the patient thoughts do not interfere with the testing of the drug.In a double-blind trial neither the patient or the doctor know what drug is the placebo therefore it make sure that the drug really does what it does and no other things are influencing the result.
31
Name the five types of drugs, give examples of them and explain what they do to the body
The first type of drug is a depressant,an example is alcohol. they decrease the activity of the brain by slowing down the response of the nervous system causing slow reactions and poor judgement. Stimulants are another type of drug I a example of a stimulant is ecstasy or Caffeine . They increase the activity of the brain therefore making the person more alert and awake. Painkillers such as Aspirin and paracetamol are used to reduce the number of painful stimuli nerve endings near injury. Performance enhancing drugs such as steroids are used by athletes sometimes as they help to build muscle and allow athletes are training and they allow athletes to train hard however they are banned by most sports organisation. Hallucinogens such as LSD are the type of drugs. They distort what is seen and heard by altering pathways that the brain messages along.
32
How does smoking cause heart disease ?
Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. If the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen it can lead to a heart attack.
33
How does smoking lead to throat ,mouth and oesophageal cancer?
Tar from cigarette smoke collectable in the lungs. Its full of toxic chemicals, some of which contain carcinogens which cause cancer. Carcinogens make mutations in DNA more likely. If this happens cell division can go out of control and malignant tumours can form.
34
How does smoking cause smokers drop cough, severe loss of lung function which can lead to disease such as emphysema?
Smoking damages the cilia on the elliptical tissue lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Which encourages mucus to be formed. But excess mucus cannot be clear because the cilia is damaged causing mucus to stick to air passages therefore causing smokers cough. The lung lose their elasticity causing emphysema.
35
How does smoking cause low-birth-weight in babies ?
Low oxygen in the blood of a pregnant woman could deprive a foetus of oxygen leading to a small baby at birth.
36
What are the negative aspects of alcohol ?
When broken down in the liver by enzymes alcohol produces toxic products. Over a long period of time some of the tissue can become scarred and prevent blood reaching the liver , this is Cirrhosis. Alcohol causes dehydration which can damage other cells in the body. Being drunk causes impaired judgement, poor balance, poor coordination, slurred speech, blurred vision and sleepiness .
37
What is the function of the cornea ?
The cornea refracts light into the eye.
38
What is the function of the iris ?
The iris controls how much light enters the pupil .
39
What is the function of the lens?
The lenses also refract light, focusing it onto the retina .
40
What is the function of the retina?
The retina is a light-sensitive part which is covered in receptors which detects light.
41
What are the function of rods ?
Rods are more sensitive to dim light but they cannot sense colour.
42
What is the function of cones?
Lines are sensitive to different colours but are not so good with dim light. Red green colour blindness is due to a lack of specialised cones.
43
What is the function of the optic nerve ?
The optic nerve carries impulses from the receptors to the brain .
44
How does the eye focus on a distant object?
The ciliary muscles relax which allow the sensory ligaments to tighten. The lens turns into a less round shape so light is refracted less.
45
How does the eye focus on close objects?
The ciliary muscles contract which make this suspensory ligaments slacken. The lens becomes more round so the light is refracted more.
46
What is it mean to be longsighted and how does it occur?
Longsighted people are unable to focus on near objects. This occurs when the lens is the wrong shape and does not bend light and not all the eye ball is too short. The images of near objects are focused behind the retina.
47
How can longsighted people correct their eyesight?
Longsighted people can correct their eyesight using glasses or contact lenses with a convex lens.
48
What does it mean to be shortsighted and how is it caused?
Shortsighted people are unable to focus on distant objects. Shortsightedness occurs when the lens is the wrong shape and bends light too much or the eyeball is too long. The images of distant objects are brought into focus in front of the retina.
49
How can people with short sighted vision correct their eyesight?
Glasses or contact lenses up with concave lenses are used to correct shortsightedness. An alternative is to have corneal laser eye surgery.
50
What is binocular vision and how does it help ?
Bilocular vision allows the animal to judge depth. The animal has two eyes which work together. When they look at an object the brain compares the images seen by each eye. Similarities between the images ,further away the object allows the animal to judge distances well. However it provides a narrow field of vision.
51
What is the order of the central nervous system?
Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone , effector and response
52
What is the job with the central nervous system?
To coordinate the information
53
What type of role do you reflexed actions often have?
A protective role
54
What is the order of a reflex action?
There is a stimulus, then there is a receptor, then there is the sensory neurone which the message travels along. The messages pass along a relay neuron, it travels along a motor neurone and when it reaches the muscle the response is carried out.
55
How are neurons adapted to their function ?
They have branched endings so they can connect with other neurons. They haven an Axon which electrical impulses are able to pass along. They have a sheath along the axon which acts as an electrical insulator therefore speeding up electrical impulses. They are long which also speeds up their impulses.
56
How do electrical impulses across the synapse?
Electrical impulses triggered the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap. These chemicals bind the receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neuron. This sets off a new electrical impulse.
57
What affected stimulant drugs have on the synapse?
Stimulant drugs increase the amount of transmitter chemicals at some synapses which increases the frequency of impulses along the second neurone.
58
What affect do depressants have on the synapses?
Depressants bind with the receptor molecules on the membrane of the neurone blocking the electrical impulses therefore decreasing the brain activity.
59
What is homoeostasis?
The maintaining of the constant internal environment .
60
What is negative feedback?
Changes in the environment cause a response to counteract the change, that response is negative feedback.
61
How does your body know when it is too hot or too cold?
In the brain there is a thermoregulatory centre which has receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood in the brain. They also receive impulses from the skin to provide information about the temperature of the skin therefore the brains can responded to the information on the body temperature using the nerves and hormonal system to initiate temperature control mechanisms.
62
What is your body do when it is too hot?
Hair lies down, lots of sweat is produce and vasodilation takes place.
63
How does swear help cool down the body?
When sweat evaporates easily using heat from the skin, this heat transfer from your skin to the environment cools down the person.
64
What is vasodilation?
It is when blood vessels come closer to the surface of skin by widening therefore allowing blood to flow closer to the surface so it can lose more heat.
65
What will happen to a person if they get too hot?
They will dehydrate and could get heatstroke.
66
What is the body do when it is too cold?
Hairs stand up to trap air. Very little sweat is produced. The body shivers as movement generates heat and vasoconstriction takes places.
67
What is vasoconstriction?
The blood vessels narrow so it flows less close to the surface and less heat is transferred.
68
What will happen to a person if they get too cold?
They will get hypothermia.
69
What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?
Insulin is added as it makes the liver turn glucose to glycogen.
70
What releases insulin?
The pancreas
71
What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?
Insulin is not added therefore the liver turns glycogen into glucose.
72
What is insulin?
A hormone that travels in the blood.
73
What does the body take longer to respond to , a hormone or an electrical impulse?
A hormone
74
What is Type 1 diabetes?
When the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
75
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
The person has to inject insulin.
76
What is Type 2 diabetes?
The person's body has become resistant to insulin.
77
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
The person has to change their diet.
78
What are Auxins?
Plant hormones that controls growth in the roots and tips.
79
How do Auxins move through the plant?
In a solution (dissolved in water)
80
Where do Auxins promote growth?
In the shoots
81
Where do Auxins inhibit growth?
In the roots
82
How do Auxins make a plant positively phototrophic?
The accumulate on the shaded side therefore the plant elongates faster on the shaded side causing the shoot to bend towards the light.
83
How do Auxins make shoots negatively geotropic?
The shoot grows sideways and the unequal distribution of auxin's , more on the tower side, causes that side to grow faster therefore the shoot grows upwards.
84
How do Auxins make roots positively geotropic?
There are more auxins on the lower side which inhibits the growth so the top side elongates faster and the roots grow downwards towards the ground.
85
How do Auxins make roots negatively phototropic?
Auxins are always on the shaded side if light is shown to the roots and they inhibit growth therefore the roots bend downwards towards the ground.
86
How are plant hormones used as selective weedkillers?
Selective weedkillers have been developed from plant growth hormones to only kill broad-leaved plants (weeds) by disrupting their normal growth pattern.
87
How are plants hormones used in cuttings?
When a cutting from a plant is added to soil, root powder is added which contains a plant hormone that will cause the cutting to produce roots rapidly.
88
How are plant hormones used to control the ripening of fruit?
They delay the ripening during transportation and then a ripening hormone is added so it is ripe for sale.
89
How are plant hormones used to control dormancy?
The hormone gibberellin breaks dormancy caused by things such as periods of dryness therefore allowing the seeds to germinate.
90
What contains a persons genetic material?
The nucleus.
91
What do chromosomes carry?
Different genes.
92
What do different genes control?
The development of different characteristics.
93
What is are alleles?
Different versions of the same gene.
94
What do gametes do during fertilization?
They join together
95
What does is mean if a gene mutates?
The genetic code changes.
96
What does homozygous mean?
The alleles are the same.
97
What does heterozygous mean?
The alleles are different.
98
What chromosomes are needed to determine a man?
XY
99
What chromosomes are needed to determine a woman?
XX

Biology (6 decks)

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