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Biology > B10 Animal and Plant Hormones > Flashcards

B10 Animal and Plant Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in stage one of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation- the lining of the uterus breaks down for about 4 days

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2
Q

Between which days does the uterus lining build back up?

A

From day 4-14

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3
Q

What occurs in the third stage and when?

A

An egg is released from the ovary at day 14.

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4
Q

For how long is the wall of the uterus maintained?

A

14 days, until around day 28

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5
Q

What happens to the uterus wall if no fertilised egg has been received?

A

The spongy lining breaks down.

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6
Q

What 2 things does follicle-stimulating hormone do?

A
  • Trigger maturation of an egg in an ovarian follicle
  • Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
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7
Q

What does luteinising hormone do?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg

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8
Q

What 3 things does oestrogen do?

A
  • Causes uterus lining to grow/maintains it
  • Inhibits FSH release
  • Stimulates LH release
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9
Q

What 2 things does progesterone do?

A
  • Maintains the uterus lining
  • Inhibits LH and FSH
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10
Q

The falling level of which hormone causes the uterus lining to break down?

A

Progesterone

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11
Q

Why can oestrogen be used as a contraceptive?

A

Maintaining high oestrogen levels inhibits FSH, so egg maturation and therefore egg release will stop.

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12
Q

Why can progesterone be used as a contraceptive?

A
  • Stimulates the production of thick mucus in the cervix which acts as a barrier
  • Inhibits egg maturation and release
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13
Q

Which contraceptive pill has the least side effects?

A

progesterone-only

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14
Q

List 2 benefits of the oral contraceptive pill:

A
  • 99% efficacy
  • Reduces risk of some cancers
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15
Q

List 2 disadvantages of the pill:

A
  • Doesn’t protect against STDs
  • Side effects- headaches, nausea
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16
Q

What is a contraceptive patch?

A

A small patch containing oestrogen and progesterone that is stuck to the skin

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17
Q

What is a contraceptive implant?

A

An implant inserted under the skin that releases progesterone

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18
Q

What is a contraceptive injection?

A

An injection containing progesterone

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19
Q

What is used with a diaphragm to increase its efficacy?

A

Spermicide

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20
Q

Where is a diaphragm fitted?

A

Over the cervix

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21
Q

What are the two types of IUDs?

A
  • Hormonal IUDs- release progesterone
  • Copper IUDs- make uterus inhabitable for sperm
22
Q

List 2 problems with fertility drugs

A
  • Not always effective
  • Excessive stimulation of eggs could lead to unexpected multiple pregnancies
23
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

24
Q

What steps does IVF entail?

A
  1. Woman given FSH and LH
  2. Eggs collected from ovaries
  3. Eggs fertilised in lab with sperm
  4. Fertilised eggs grow into embryos in an incubator
  5. Once formed, 1 or 2 embryos are transferred to the uterus
25
Q

List 3 disadvantages of IVF:

A
  • Low success rate (26% in the UK)
  • Hormone side effects (abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration)
  • Can lead to multiple births, which are riskier
26
Q

Name 2 social and ethical issues regarding IVF:

A
  • Unused embryos are destroyed- killing potential lives
  • Genetic testing before implantation causes concern for selection based on certain characteristics
27
Q

Which gland releases TSH?

A

The pituitary gland

28
Q

What does thyroxine regulate?

A

Basal metabolic rate

29
Q

How is thyroxine level controlled?

A

By a negative feedback system

30
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

Above the kidneys

31
Q

When is adrenaline released?

A

In response to stress or fear

32
Q

How does adrenaline increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells?

A

By increasing your heart rate

33
Q

What does auxin control in plants?

A

Phototropism and geotropism

34
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

The tips of roots and shoots

35
Q

Where do auxins tend to accumulate?

A

On the shaded and lower sides

36
Q

Explain what will happen in terms of growth to a shoot with a light source on its right hand side:

A

The auxins will accumulate on the left hand side as they move away from light. They will stimulate growth on this side, causing the cells on the left side to elongate faster than the right. This imbalance will cause the shoot to curve towards the source.

37
Q

How do shoots grow relative to gravity?

A

In the opposite direction- they are negatively geotropic

38
Q

Explain what will happen to shoot growing sideways in terms of growth:

A

The auxin will accumulate on the lower side of the shoot due to gravity, causing the cells on the lower side to elongate faster than on top. The shoot will end up pointing upwards.

39
Q

Auxin […] root growth.

A

Inhibits

40
Q

Why do some selective weed-killers contain auxin?

A

It disrupts the growth patterns of broad-leaved weeds, killing them.

41
Q

How can auxin be used to grow plants from cuttings?

A

You can add rooting powder (containing auxins), which stimulates the growth of roots from the cutting.

42
Q

What type of plant hormones stimulate seed germination?

A

Gibberellins

43
Q

List 3 uses of gibberellins:

A
  • Controlling dormancy- plants grow at any time and at same time
  • Inducing flowering
  • Growing larger fruit
44
Q

What gas is produced by aging parts of a plant?

A

Ethene

45
Q

What is the role of ethene?

A
  • Controls cell division
  • Stimulates enzymes that ripen fruit
46
Q

How is ethene used commercially?

A

To speed up the ripening of fruit, so that it can be picked whilst still unripe

47
Q

Define ovulation

A

The release of an egg from the ovary

48
Q

Define phototropism

A

The growth of a plant in response to light

49
Q

Define geotropism

A

The growth of a plant in response to gravity

50
Q

Define dormancy

A

When a seed is temporarily unable to germinate even when conditions are favourable

Biology (14 decks)

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