B1.1 (Carbohydrates)

Question 1

Elements carbon can bind to

Answer 1

hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 2

Creation of Macromolecules

Answer 2

Monomers + Condensationreaction

Question 3

Disaccharide

Answer 3

2 Glucose molecules

Question 4

3 Hexose Sugars (Monosaccharides)

Answer 4

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 4

Polysaccharide

Answer 4

multiple glucose molecules

Question 4

Maltose

Answer 4

Glucose + Glucose –> Maltose

Question 4

Properties of Glucose

Answer 4

1. Glucose has 2 isomers
2. Glucose is soluble
3. Glucose is stable
4. Glucose can be oxidised

Question 4

Alpha Glucose

Answer 4

The cis-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points downwards

Question 5

Starch

Answer 5

The main energy storage in plants
* made up of amylose and amylopectin
* polymer
* made up of aplha glucose
* 1,6 & 1,4 glycosidic linkages
* insoluble
* branched

=> compact for energy storage
=> insoluble to maintain osmotic balance

Question 6

Amylopectin

Answer 6

• highly branched & 3 dimensional
• glucose linked in 1,4 glycosidic bonds (occasional 1,6)
  *major component of starch (80-85%)

Question 6

Beta Glucose

Answer 6

The trans-isomer of glucose whose hydroxyl group points upwards on the right

Question 7

Where is starch stored

Answer 7

seeds and roots

Question 7

Amylose

Answer 7

• linear polysaccharide
• alpha glucose linked through 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• coiled structure (300-3000 glucose units)

Question 8

Glycogen properties

Answer 8

• highly compact and coiled structure
• alpha glucose
• 1,4 glycosidic bonds = backbone; 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 8 to 12 glucose unites
• linear chains
• insoluble
  has many free glucose terminals = easily built and broken = short term

=> in animals/humans

Question 9

cellulose

Answer 9

• 1,4 glycosidic linkages
• alternating beta glucose
• parallel bonded H-bonds
• linear chains only
• one type of monomer only

=> tensile strength
=> rigid cell wall
=> in plants

Question 10

Glycoproteins

Answer 10

Proteins with one or more carbohydrates attached to them

ROLES:
1. cell recognition due to markers on the surface of the cells
2. receptors which receive signals from cells
3. structural support of cells and tissue

Question 11

Where you can find glycoproteins

Answer 11

cell membranes, secreted proteins, extracellular matrix

Question 12

How blood groups relate to glycoproteins

Answer 12

Blood groups are based on specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells (A & B Antigens)

Question 13

How the trait of recognition in glycoproteins relates to blood groups

Answer 13

compatibility based on recognition & interaction of specific glycoproteins
=> when incompatible ones mix the immune system recognises them as forgeign molecules & attack

Question 14

result of mixing incompatible blood groups

Answer 14

blot clotting, organ failure, death

Question 15

meaning of ABO blood groups

Answer 15

AB= universal recepient; O= universal donor

Question 16

What does the O blood group mean

Answer 16

absence of glycoprotein with antigens

Question 17

sucrose

Answer 17

glucose + fructose –> sucrose

Question 18

lactose

Answer 18

d glucose + d galactose –> lactose

Question 19

Why amylase cannot break down amylopection

Answer 19

Amylase can only break down 1,4 glycosidic linkages but amylopection also has 1,6 glycosidic linkages which are broken down by another enzyme (Dextrinase)

Question 20

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 20

* cellulose * glycogen * starch