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Biology OCR > B1.1 - Cell structures > Flashcards

B1.1 - Cell structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells ? + Example

A

Cells whose genetic nuclei is contained within a nucleus.

e.g Animal cell, plant cell

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2
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells ? + Example

A

Cells whose genetic material floats within the cytoplasms.

e.g bacteria

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3
Q

Name all the organelles in an animal cell ?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochndria
  • Cytosplasm
  • Cell membrane
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4
Q

Name the organelles found in plant cells?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoplasm
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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus ?

A
  • Controls the cell, the activities in the cell
  • Contains the organisms genetic material, arranged as chromosomes
  • Determines cells appearance and function
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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria ?

A

-The ‘power-house’ of the cell.
- Provides energy by respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Holds the cell together
  • Controls what goes in and out of the cell
  • Delicate surface membrane made of two layers of phospholipid
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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm ?

A

Jelly-like substance

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm ?

A
  • Transfers energy, makes things, and stores food.
  • Jelly-like substance where hundreds of reactions take place, which make up metabolism/ keep the cell alive
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10
Q

Difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic : The cell type is complex and relatively large 10-100 μm

Prokaryotic cells : The cell type is simple and typically smaller ~1-10 μm

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11
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for ?

A

M = ovement

R = espiration

S = ensitivity

G = rowth

R = eproduction

E = xcretion

N = utrition

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12
Q

Which English inventor and scientist where discovered cells using his self-designed microscope in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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13
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells ?

A

Animal and plant cells

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14
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells ?

A

Bacterial cells

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15
Q

What are Ribosomes ?

A

Ribosomes are tiny granules on the membranes in the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What is the function of ribosomes ?

A

Ribosomes are where proteins are made in the cell

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17
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts ?

A
  • The chloroplasts contain green chlorophyll
  • The chlorophyll transfers energy from the sun to the plant as light, which is used in photosynthesis.
18
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

They contain green chlorophyll.

19
Q

What makes plants green ?

A

Chloroplasts, they contain green chlorophyll which makes the plant green.

20
Q

What is the function of the vacuole ?

A
  • It is full of cell sap, a watery solution of sugar and salts
  • It helps to keep the cell rigid, so supporting the plant and keeping it upright ( pushing outwards )
21
Q

What is the function of the cell wall ?

A
  • This surrounds the cell.
  • It is made of a tough fibre called cellulose
  • It makes the wall rigid and supports the cell
22
Q

What are Bacteria ?

A

They are unicellular organisms ( made up of just one cell - prokaryotic )

23
Q

State three examples of commonly found bacteria ?

A
  • Escherichia coli – Causes food poisoning
  • Streptococcus – bacteria causes sore throats
  • Streptomyces – bacteria found in soil and used to develop antibiotic streptomycin
24
Q

Name of primative bacteria-like organisms ?

A

Archaea

25
Q

What sub cellular structures do common prokaryotic cells contain ?

A
  • Cell wall ( holds the cell together, protects it )
  • Genetic material ( floats freely in the cytoplasm )
  • Cell membrane ( A barrier that controls which substances enter/leave )
  • Cytoplasm ( where chemical reactions happen )
26
Q

Describe the genetic material in prokaryotic cells commonly ?

A

There is one long strand of DNA called the bacterial chromosome. This is normal y circular

27
Q

List the structures and organelles you would expect to find in some bacteria cells ?

A
  • Cell wall (peptigoglycan)
  • Cell membrane
  • Flagella
  • Single-loop DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Pili
  • Cytoplasm
  • Slime capsule
28
Q

What is the function of the flagella ?

A

Tail-like structures that allow bacteria cells to move through liquids

29
Q

What is the function of the Pili ?

A
  • Tiny ‘hair-like’ structures that allow the cell to attach to structures, such a the cells in your digestive tract.
  • They are also used to transfer genetic material between bacteria cells.
30
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule ?

A
  • Protects bacteria from drying out and from poisonous substances.
  • Helps bacteria to stick to smooth surfaces
31
Q

What is the function of the plasmid ?

A
  • A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria cells
  • Not needed for day-to-day survival but can give the bacterium advantages such as antibiotic resistance
32
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope ?

A
  • Body tube
  • Fine focussing knob
  • Mechanical stage
  • Stage
  • Objectives
  • Course focussing knob
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Eyepiece lens
  • Mirror
  • Arm
  • Base
33
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Image size = Actual size x Total Magnification

34
Q

What is resolution ?

A
  • The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together, rather than them look merged into one object.
  • The higher the resolution, the greater the detail you may see
35
Q

Name the two types of electron microscopes ?

A
  • Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
  • Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
36
Q

What are TEM used for and how have they advanced science?

A
  • TEM is used to examine an extremely thin slice or section of cells or tissues
  • TEM has revealed subcellular structures in cells not visible with a light microscope such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
37
Q

What are SEM used for and how have they advanced science?

A
  • They produce a 3-D image of a surface by bouncing a beam of electrons off of a specimen.
38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of light microscope and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscope :

  • Cheep to buy and operate
  • Small and portable
  • Simple to prepare sample
  • Natural colour of sample is seen unless staining is used.
  • Specimens living or dead
  • Resolution up to 0.2 µm
    (2 x 10-7 m)

Electron Microscope :

  • Expensive to buy and operate
  • Large and difficult to move
  • Sample preparation is complex
  • Black and white images produced; false colour can be added to images
  • Specimens are dead
  • Resolution up to 0.1 nm
    (1 x 10-10 m)
39
Q

Why are cells stained ?

A

So that they are easier to observe, it also highlights specific sub-cellular structures

40
Q

What are the three common stains ?

A
  • Methylene blue - makes It easier to see the nucleus of an animal cell
  • Iodine - This makes it easier to see the plant cell
  • Crystal violet - this stains bacterial cell walls
41
Q

Method for staining cells ?

A
  • Pace the cells on a glass slide
  • Add one drop of stain
  • Place a coverslip on top
  • Tap the coverslip gently with a pencil to remove air bubbles
42
Q

How do light microscopes work ?

A
  • The microscope passes light through the object on the stage, then through two glass lenses ( the objective lens and the eyepiece )
  • The lenses magnify the object so when you look at it you see more detail

Biology OCR (16 decks)

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