B1.1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards
(25 cards)
Uses of carbohydrates
Provide energy
Examples of carbohydrates
Pasta, bread, potatoes
Uses of fat
Provide energy
Examples of fat
Butter, cream
Uses of protein
Growth and repair
Examples of proteins
Meat, fish and pulses
Uses of vitamins & minerals
Growth and repair
Examples of vitamins & minerals
Vitamin D, calcium
What is meant by the term “malnutrition”?
Happens when you eat the wrong amount of each type of nutrient. Either too much or too little.
What is metabolic rate and what affects it?
The speed at which your body uses energy. It can depend on many factors including inheritance, age, gender.
What is cholesterol?
A fatty substance transported by the blood. The level depends on the amount of fat in the diet. It is also affected by inheritance. People with high blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of developing diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
What is a pathogen?
Microorganism that causes disease.
How do bacteria and viruses make you feel ill?
They release poisonous chemicals called toxins or by preventing your cells from working properly.
How do white blood cells help to defend about pathogens?
Some white blood cells will engulf the pathogen. Once inside the cell, the white blood cell releases enzymes to digest and destroy it. Other white blood cells release chemicals called antibodies which destroy pathogens. White blood cells also produce antitoxins that prevent the toxins made by pathogens from poisoning the body.
How does immunity develop?
Once the white blood cells have destroyed a type of pathogen, you are unlikely to develop the same disease again. This is because the white blood cells will recognise the pathogen the next time it invades the body and produce the right antibodies to kill the pathogen before it can cause illness.
What impact did Semmelweiss’ research have?
He introduced hand washing into hospitals which reduced the number of deaths.
What are antibiotics and what can they be used for?
Medicines that help cure diseases caused by bacteria. They kill bacteria inside the body. E.g. Penicillin. They can’t kill viruses because they live and reproduce inside body cells. What is one of the impacts of the overuse of antibiotics?
How do individual pathogens develop resistance?
Sometimes a bacterium is produced that is slightly different to the others. This is called a mutation. The mutation might result in the bacteria being resistant to existing antibiotics. When an antibiotic is used, the non-resistant bacteria are killed but a small number of resistant bacteria remain. The resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, This is an example of natural selection.
Describe the action vaccinations on the body?
A vaccine contains a small amount of dead or weak forms of the pathogen. The white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen. This makes the person immune to future infection by the pathogen. The white blood cells will recognise the pathogen is it gets into the body and will respond by quickly producing antibodies.
What does the MMR vaccine protect people against?
Mumps, measles and rubella
Why must petri dishes be sterilised before use?
To kill any unwanted microorganisms and prevent contamination.
When using inoculating loops to transfer bacteria what must be done to avoid contamination?
It must be sterilised in a Bunsen burner flame
Why must petri dishes be taped shut?
To prevent contamination from airborne bacteria
What is the maximum temperature that cultures can be incubated to in a school? Why?
25oC.
Pathogens could accidently be present in the culture dishes, so keeping the temperature at a maximum of 25˚C minimises health risks from them, as they will grow much less at lower temperatures.
