B15 Food production (triple only) Flashcards

1
Q

What is food security?

A

Having enough food to feed a population

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2
Q

Why might some countries suffer from food scarcity?

A

Increasing poputlaiton growth

Change in diet

Pests and pathogens that affect farming

Changes in environmental conditions.

Cost of agricultural inuts eg fertiliser

war

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3
Q

How have farmiing techniques changed to increased livestock productivity

A

Animals kept in small pens

Animals kept indoors

Fed high protein food

Animals given antibiotcs

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4
Q

How does keeping animals in small indoor pens increase livestock productivity?

A

Reduces movement by animal

Less energy required for muscle contraction

Indoor temperature can be controlled

Less heat loss from animal

Reduced rate of respriaton

Increased growth

Fewer animals lost to predators

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5
Q

How does giving animals a hiugh protein food increase livestock productivity?

A

Proteins contain amino acids

Amino acids are needed for protein synthesis

More proteins leads to increased growth

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6
Q

How does giving animals antibiotics increase livestock productivity?

A

Reduce number of animals with bacterial diseases

Fewer animal death due to disease

Less energy and resources wasted in making antibodies and lymphocytes

Less respiration

More growth

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7
Q

How have farmiing techniques changed to increased crop productivity

A

Use of machines to plant, weed and harvest crops

Use of fertilisers

Use of pesticides

Monoculture - growing one type of crop

Removal of hedgrows

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8
Q

How does the use of pesticides increase plant productivity?

A

Pesticides kill pests eg aphids, weeds

Weeds will compete with crop plants for light, minerals, space and water

Removal of weeds leads to increased photosynthesis by crop ppants

Increased growth

Aphids feed on the sugar transported in the phloem of crop palnts

Removing pests provide the crop plant with more resources for growth

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9
Q

How does the use of fertiisers increase plant productivity?

A

Fertilisers increase the cocntration of mineral ions eg nitrates in the soil

Nitrates required to make amino acids

Amino acids used to make proteins

Increased resources for growth

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10
Q

How does the removal of hedgerows increase plant productivity?

A

Monoculture can be used (one crop grown)

Farmer can become an expert in grwoing this crop

Larger fields for crop production

Larger machinery can be used

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11
Q

What does a sustainable fishery mean?

A

Do not reduce the overall number of fish in an ecosystem

The fish cauht and killed does not exceed the birth of new fish

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12
Q

What does overfishing mean?

A

The number of fish in an ecosystem declines

As too many fish are removed by fishing

The birth rate is not fast enough to replace the fish

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13
Q

What are fishing quotas?

A

Limits on the number and size of fish that can be caught in certain areas.

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14
Q

How does regulating mesh size help the situation?

A

Younger fish can slip through the net

More fish reach breeding age.

More fish reproduce

Before being killed

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15
Q

How can fish be factory farmed?

A

Keeping fish in a cage in the sea to restrict movement.

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16
Q

What problems might arise from keeping animals so close together?

A

Disease will spread more easily.

17
Q

What is mycoprotein?

A

A high protein meat substitute

18
Q

Name the organism isform which mycoprotein is made

A

Fungus

Called Fusarium

19
Q

Name the vessel used to grow Fusarium

A

Fermenter

20
Q

Is Fusarium grown in aerobic or anaerobic conditions?

A

Aerobic

21
Q

Give the conditions that are maintained to ensure rapid growth of Fusarium in a fermenter

A

Temperature

pH

Oxygen levels

Excess food - glucose syrup

22
Q

Describe what happens to the fungus once it has grown?

A

Harvested

Purified

Processed to form food

23
Q

Why is mycoprotein production benefical for food security?

A

More effcient

Less energy lost in the food chain

Fermenter can be used in places where grass does not grow

Large quantiites can be made in a short time

24
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of a useful gene from one organism to another.

25
Q

How can genetic modification be benficial for food security?

A

Produce GM crops

Provide more food

Provide food with nutritioal value

26
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A piece of circular DNA found in a bacteria.

Used as a vector in genetic engineering

27
Q

How is the plasmid opened and the new gene added?

A

Using enzymes.

28
Q

What is insulin used to treat?

A

Diabetes

29
Q

What is ‘golden rice’?

A

Genetically modified rice

Contains more vitamin A than normal rice

Used as food in population likley to suffer from vitamin A deficiency disease