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Biology B1 > B1.7 Genetic variation > Flashcards

B1.7 Genetic variation Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

Naming living organisms

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2
Q

What is naming an organism based on?

A

Its DNA

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3
Q

Who started classification?

What did they do?

A

Carl Linneas

Giving plants two names (binomial)

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4
Q

What is the first name of a plant named after?

What is the second name of a plant names after?

A 
1st = genus (group) 
2nd = species
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5
Q

Name the amounts of organisms starting with the biggest

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
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6
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

The result of a cross breed some are fertile some are not

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8
Q

What does a cell have?

A

A nucleus which contains chromosomes

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9
Q

What do genes contain?

A

All the information and things inherited from the parents

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10
Q

What is a double helix?

A

The structure of the DNA

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11
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

A sequence of genes and humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the cell

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13
Q

What does variation do?

A

Describes how people are different from each other

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14
Q

What is inherited, both and environmental?

A

Inherited

  • natural hair colour
  • gender
  • natural eye colour
  • natural skin colour

Both

  • height
  • body mass
  • medical history
  • skin colour
  • IQ

Environmental

  • dying hair colour
  • contact lenses (eye colour)
  • language
  • phobias
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15
Q

Name the male reproductive system and what it is used for (7)

A
  • Bladder = where urine is stored
  • Glands = sperm is made
  • Sperm duct = where fluids travel
  • Penis = goes into the women
  • Urethra = where urine comes out
  • Scrotum = where the testicles are held
  • Testicle = where the sperm is made
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16
Q

Name the female reproductive system and what it is used for (6)

A
  • Oviduct = The egg travels along
  • Ovary = egg cells are made and released
  • Uterus lining = protects the foetus
  • Cervix = muscle that holds the foetus in place
  • Uterus = where the foetus is held
17
Q

What does asexual mean?

A

A plant, animal, bacteria or fungi clones itself

the offspring has inherited everything from its one parent

18
Q

What does sexual reproduction mean?

A

Female and male sex cells (gametes) join together (fertilisation) the offspring inherits certain genes from each parent (variation)

19
Q

Describe the process of cloning

A

1) Black Scottish sheep (egg donor)
2) Mature ovum
3) empty ovum
4) electro-fusion ——————–
3) Removed nucleus
2) Adult udder cell
1) White dorset sheep parent

——————-Black Scottish surrogate mother
clone lamb

20
Q

Describe the process of embryo transplant cloning

A

1) Early embryo is divided into 4
2) The split embryos are put into a different surrogate
3) identical cloned offspring are born identical to first carrier

21
Q

What are disadvantages and neutral factors of embryo transplant cloning

A

Disadvantages

  • Health of humans and/ or animals involved
  • Public understanding of the technique involved

Both
- Extinct animals can be reintroduced using cloning techniques

22
Q

What does GE and GM stand for?

A 
GE = genetic engineering 
GM = genetic modified (result from genetic engineering)
23
Q

What facts about genetically modified bananas are there? (3)

A
  • Resistant to pests
  • Contain more zinc
  • Important mineral which an be lacking in a diet which contains little meat such as African countries
24
Q

What are the advantages of using genetically modified fruits and vegetables? (2)

A
  • Resistant to pests so fewer chemicals are used

- Tomatoes have a longer shelf life as ripening is delayed gives the more flavour

25
Q

Describe the process in which we can make bacteria produce human insulin

A

1) Human cells contain a gene for making insulin extract the DNA from some human cells
2) Use an enzyme to cut the insulin gene out of the DNA
3) Bacteria cells contain a ring od portable DNA called plasmid
4) Use the sae enzyme to cut bacteria DNA plasmid
5) Use a different enzyme to stick the human insulin gene into the bacteria plasmid
6) The plasmid holding the insulin gene is put into the bacteria
7) The bacteria reproduce and start to make human insulin

Biology B1 (8 decks)

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