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Biology > B1a- Human Biology > Flashcards

B1a- Human Biology Flashcards

0
Q

Name some factors that affect metabolic rate?

A

Gender
Proportion of muscle to fat
Size
How much exercise you do

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1
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which reactions in your bodies cells occur

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2
Q

People whose diet is badly out of balance are said to be …………………

A

Malnourished

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3
Q

Health problems that arise as a result of obesity include…

A

Arthritis
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease

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4
Q

Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase your…

A

Blood cholesterol level

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5
Q

Eating too much salt can cause…

A

High blood pressure and heart problems

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6
Q

Scurvy is deficiency in ………… …

A

Vitimain C

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7
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

Damaging cells

Producing toxins

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8
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

How does this make you feel ill?

A

Invade cells
Use cells to produce copies of themselves
Cell bursts and releases the new viruses
Cell damage makes you feel ill

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9
Q

How does the body stop microbes getting inside you?

A

Skin
Hairs and mucus in respiratory tract
Platelets seal wounds quickly

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10
Q

Which 3 ways do white blood cells use to defend against microbes?

A

Consuming them
Producing antibodies
Producing antitoxins

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11
Q

How do white blood cells produce antibodies for diseases?

A

Every cell has antigens on surface

Foreign antigens recognised- WBC produces proteins called antibodies specific to kill that antigen

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12
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Small amount of dead/inactive pathogen injected
Your body kills them as it recognises foreign antigens
Then in future can produce the antibodies quickly

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13
Q

Cons of vaccination?

A

Don’t always work

People can have bad reactions (rare)

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14
Q

Painkillers do not tackle the cause of the disease, just ….

A

Help to reduce the symptoms

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15
Q

Antibiotics kill ………… cells without ….

A

Bacteria

Harming your body cells

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16
Q

Antibiotics do not destroy viruses as…

A

Viruses reproduce using your own body cells

17
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Mutate to be resistant
These survive and reproduce
To increase the resistant population

18
Q

How would you grow microorganisms in a lab?

A

On a culture medium- agar jelly (carbs, minerals, proteins and vitamins they need to grow)
Hot agar poured into petri dish
Inoculating loop used to transfer microorganisms

19
Q

A ……………. is a change in your environment which you may need to react to

A

Stimulus

20
Q

………………. are groups of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus. They change stimulus energy (eg light energy) into electrical impulses

A

Receptors

21
Q

The ….. is where the information from sense organs is sent and where the reflexes are co-ordinated. It consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

CNS (central nervous system)

22
Q

…………. transmit information from the CNS as electrical impulses very quickly

A

Neurones

23
Q

What is the order of the reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus 
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone 
Motor neurone 
Effector
24
Q

What connects neurones?

A

Synapses

25
Q

How is a signal transmitted across a synapse?

A

Electrical signal-> chemicals-> diffuse across gap-> electrical signal

26
Q

Reflexes bypass the …..

A

Conscious part of the brain

27
Q

Hormones are…

A

Chemical messengers sent in the blood to activate target cells

28
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones effects?

A

Nerves- fast action, act for a short time, precise area

Hormones- slower action, act for a long time, more general way

29
Q

What are the 3 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH
oestrogen
LH

30
Q

What does FSH do and where is it produced?

A

Causes egg to mature in the ovaries
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

Pituitary gland

31
Q

What does oestrogen do and where is it produced?

A

Causes pituitary gland to produce LH
inhibits the further release of FSH

Produced in the ovaries

32
Q

What does LH do and where is it produced?

A

Stimulates release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle

Produced by pituitary gland

33
Q

…………… can be used to reduce fertility

A

Hormones

34
Q

Pros and cons of FSH and LH injections?

A

Helps women get pregnant that couldn’t

Doesn’t always work
Too many eggs could be stimulated

35
Q

How does IVF work?

A 
Eggs taken from women's ovaries
Fertilised in lab using mans sperm 
Eggs grown to embryos 
Transferred to womb
FSH and LH given before egg collection to stimulate egg production
36
Q

Name a plant hormone

A

Auxin

37
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Controls the growth of a plant near the tips and shoots of roots
In response to light and gravity

38
Q

How does auxin work?

A

Produced in tips and moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation which occurs in cells just behind the tip.

39
Q

Because of auxin, shoots grow ….

A

Towards light

40
Q

Because of auxin, shoots grow ………. gravity

A

Away from

41
Q

Auxin in the roots…

A

Inhibits growth

Biology (2 decks)

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