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cell biology > b2 > Flashcards

b2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

smallest to largest in body

A

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

examples of a cell

A

nerve, epithelial, palisade, root hair

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3
Q

examples of a tissue

A

muscle tissue, blood, xylem, phloem

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4
Q

examples of a organ

A

heart, stomach, leaf, flower

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5
Q

examples of organ system

A

digestive system, respiratory system, root system, shoot system

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6
Q

examples of organism

A

human, frog, oak tree, orchid

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7
Q

what is a organ system

A

different organs work together to digest and absorb food

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8
Q

what effects enzyme activity

A

temperature and Ph

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9
Q

what do enzymes do

A

control chemical reaction in the body also known as metabolism

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10
Q

what will happen at first when the temperature increases

during enzyme reaction

A

at first rate of reactions will increase due to increased collisions betweem the enzyme and substrates

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11
Q

after a period of time what will happen to the enzyme after an increase of temperature

A

enzyme will denature

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12
Q

where is bile made and stored

A

in the liver and stored in the gall badder

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13
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A

pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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14
Q

what does the left ventricle do

A

pumps blood around the rest of the body

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15
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

supply oxygen rich blood to the heart

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16
Q

what group of cells control the natural resting rate and where in the heart

A

pacemakers control heart rate and they are in the right atrium

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17
Q

what are artificial pacemaker used for

A

to correct irregularities in the heart

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18
Q

what is the alveoli surrounded by

A

capillaries

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19
Q

what does the heart pump to the lungs

A

low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood

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20
Q

features of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
has thick muscular wall
small lumen
carries blood under high pressure

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21
Q

features of veins

A 
carry blood to heart
thin walls
large lumen
carries blood under low pressure
have valves
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22
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

connect arteries and veins
one cell thick
carries blood over very low pressure

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23
Q

all arteries but one does not carry oxygenated blood which one?

A

pulmonary artery

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24
Q

all veins carry deoxygenated blood expect for the

A

pulmonary vein

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25
what does blood consist of and the percentages
plasma 55% buffy coat <1% (white blood cells and platelets) red blood cells 45%(ertythrocytes)
26
plasma features (blood)
pale yellow fluid part of blood | transports cell, hormones and waste
27
red blood cells features
have no nucleus (more room to carry oxygen) | contains red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen
28
white blood cell feautures
some produce antibodies others surround and engulf foreign cells all have nucleus
29
platelets
clump together to help form clots | reduces blooding
30
what is Atherosclerosis
its a cause of coronary heart disease where layers of fat build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them resulting in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
31
what can cause coronary heart disease
smoking and high blood preasure high cholesterol not enough excercise
32
ways of treating coronary heart disease(atherosclerosis)
stents and statins
33
what is stents
metal cylinder grid that goes inside the artery keeping it open so heart continues to receive enough oxygen
34
what is statins
lowers harmful cholesterol and stops liver producing too much cholesterol
35
can a healthy diet prevent coronary heart disease
yes
36
what do heart valves prevent
blood in the heart flowing in the wrong direction
37
what happens when a heart valve gets faulty
it stops being able to open fully and might develop a leak because it does not close fully
38
symptoms of a faulty heart valves
short of breath feeling unusually tired swelling in ankles and feet
39
causes of faulty valves
``` getting older being born with it rheumatic fever cardiomyopathy- disease of the heart muscle heart attack causing damage ```
40
what conditions require a hear transplant
coronary heart disease cardiomyopathy congenital heart disease
41
what is cardiomyopathy
where the walls of the heart become stretched, thickened or stiff
42
congenital heart disease
birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart
43
different types of disease
communicable and non communicable
44
what is communicable disease
can be spread and are infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi and spread in animals and plants
45
what is a non communicable disease
not caused by infection cant spread such as heart disease, diabetes, alzheimer's, asthma
46
defects in immune system
meaning people are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
47
viruses in cells what can it do to make someone ill
viruses living in cells can be a trigger for cancers to form
48
what causes immune reactions
initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma and
49
sever phyiscal ill health what can it ause
lead to depression and other mental illness
50
what can alcohol cause
liver disease or brain damage
51
what is type 2 diabetes
cells in body are less sensitive to insulin so body cannot control concentration of glucose in the blood
52
copd is..
a group of lung diseases which makes it difficult for people to move air in and out of lungs
53
bronchitis
when bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess mucus is produced
54
emphysema
when alveoli gets damaged resulting in the walls getting broken down trapping excess air
55
copd what does it do (airways)
narrow airways and makes it difficult to get rid of co2 and get in o2
56
symptoms for lung cancer
coughing blood a persistent cough frequent chest infections
57
what does carbon monoxide do to babies in the wound
reduces amount of oxygen available to unborn baby
58
smoking pregnant increases risk of
miscarriage,premature births, sudden infant death syndrome
59
heavy drinking can cause unborn baby to have
foetal alcohol syndrome poor growth learning difficulties facial abnormalities
60
main ingreadients in cigarettes
tar nicotine carbon monxide
61
features of benign toumours
growth of abnormal cells contained in one area dosent invade other parts of body usually within a membrane
62
features of malignant tumour
growth of abnormal cells cancerous spreads to different part of body in the blood caused by lifestyle or genes
63
features of meristem
found at tips of roots and shoots | where cell dfferentiation occurs
64
features of xylem and phloem
form vascular bundles and transport water and glucose around plant
65
what happens in the spongy mesophyll
photosynthesis occurs in the cells here and there is | large air space for gas exchange
66
palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis?)
cells packed with chloroplasts it is the site of most of the photosynthesis
67
features of epidermal
covers surface of plant
68
adaptations of root hair cell (hair)
hair is like projections to increase surface area
69
what does xylem tissue transport
water and minerals from the roots to stems and leaves
70
what does phloem tissue transport
transport dissolved sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage
71
what increases transpiration
temperature,humidity,air movement and light intensity increase

cell biology (7 decks)

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