B2

Question 1

What are the cell organelles in a plant cell?

Answer 1

• Nucleus
• Golgibody
• Ribosomes
• Cytoplasm
• Vacuole
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts

Question 2

What is diffusion?

Answer 2

Random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration through a semi permeable cell membrane.

Question 3

What increases the rate of diffusion?

Answer 3

• Bigger surface area (more diffusion, less time)
• More kinetic energy the particles have (move more and diffuse faster)
• A moist environment (stop diffusion membrane from drying out)
• Close to capillaries (shorter diffusion pathway)

Question 4

What is equilibrium?

Answer 4

Equilibrium is achieved when all particles have been diffused are equally distributed throughout the cell

Question 5

What are the three tissues in the stomach?

Answer 5

• Muscle
• Glandular
• Epithelial

Question 6

What are tissues made of?

Answer 6

Same type of cells

Question 7

What are muscles made of?

Answer 7

Different types of tissue

Question 8

What is the muscle tissue?

Answer 8

• Specialised
• Has the ability to contract (to churn food, the muscle fibres get shorted when contracting)
• Made of muscle cells
• -They can move voluntarily and involuntarily

Question 9

What is glandular tissue?

Answer 9

• Secretory cells
• Release hormones and digestive enzymes
• Tissue is rich in capillaries
• Each cell must contact a capillary directly to deliver hormones

Question 10

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 10

• Covers all surface of the body
• Closely packed, more than one layer
• Specialised to cover internal and external organs

Question 11

What is the order of digestion?

Answer 11

• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

Question 12

What happens in the mouth?

Answer 12

Teeth chew the food and the salivary glands release saliva containing amylase

Question 13

What happens in the oesophagus?

Answer 13

Muscle walls contract to push food down. Process called peristalsis

Question 14

What happens in the stomach?

Answer 14

• Food reaches the stomach and is churned by the walls contracting.
• Hydrochloric acid is released by the gastric pits in the walls.
• The acid contains pepsin which breaks down proteins.
• Pancreas produces the enzymes for intestine, as does the liver (bile)

Question 15

What happens in the small intestine?

Answer 15

• Food is mixed with the pancreatic juices containing amylase, lipase and protease.
• Food molecules that are small enough to diffuse through the villi into the bloodstream.

Question 16

What happens in the large intestine?

Answer 16

Absorption of juices and liquids back into the system

Question 17

What happens in the rectum?

Answer 17

Fibre cant be absorbed so it is stored. Without fibre, digestion would not be effective

Question 18

What happens in the anus?

Answer 18

Body waste is deposited

Question 19

What do the xylem and phloem do?

Answer 19

• Xylem tissue carries the water around he plant

- Phloem tissue carries food and minerals around the plant

Question 20

List specialised cells

Answer 20

• Palisade leaf cells
• Guard cells
• Red blood cells
• Sperm and egg cells

Question 21

What is the mesophyll tissue?

Answer 21

The main part of a palisade cell where most of the photosynthesis occurs

Question 22

What limits the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 22

• Light intensity
• Carbon dioxide levels
• Temperature

Question 23

How does light intensity effect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 23

Not enough light=little photosynthesis
Too much light=enzymes may become denurtured.
Not enough of other products

Question 24

How do carbon levels effect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 24

• Not enough for photosynthesis to happen

- If there’s alot of carbon dioxide but photosynthesis stops, there must be another limiting factor

Question 25

How does temperature effect the rate of photosynthesis?

Answer 25

-If the temperature is too high, the enzymes become denurtured.

Question 26

How do plants use glucose?

Answer 26

- Respiration - Cellulose - Making proteins - Stored in seeds - Stored as starch - In fruits

Question 27

How is glucose used for respiration?

Answer 27

- Used for respiration - Releases energy which enables them to convert the rest of the glucose into other substances, so they can build new calls and grow

Question 28

How is glucose used for making cell walls?

Answer 28

- Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls, especially in a rapidly growing plant - Acts as pressure vessel to stop over expansion by water

Question 29

How is glucose used for making proteins?

Answer 29

- Glucose is combined into nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins. - Proteinsynthesis

Question 30

How is glucose stored in seeds?

Answer 30

- Glucose is turned into lipids (fats & oils) for strong storing in seeds. - Sunflower seeds, for example, contain a lot of oil- we get cooking oil and margarine from them. - Seeds also store starch

Question 31

How is glucose stored as starch?

Answer 31

- Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves. For when photosynthesis isn't happening (winter) - Starch is insoluble which makes it much better for storing than glucose

Question 32

How is glucose used in fruits?

Answer 32

- Glucose and fructose stored in fruits | - Causes sweet taste, so animals eat them, causing seeds to spread through their poo

Question 33

What do we need to survive?

Answer 33

- Water - Food/nutrients - Temperature - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide (plants)

Question 34

Describe a quadrat

Answer 34

- Used to investigate distribution of plants or slow moving animals - 1m squared of wood, plastic or metal square - Placed at random places between two points (eg shore and woods) - Count how many things are inside the quadrat - Find the average to calculate the distribution of the plant per metre squared

Question 35

Describe a transect

Answer 35

- More commonly used - A tape is placed between two points - The quadrat is placed along the tape at regular 1m intervals - Results represented in a table, average, mode and range calculated - Can also measure physical factors such as light levels and soil pH, things that may effect the distribution along the transect - Appropriate situations for use include uneven or unexpected distribution of plants due to a suggested physical factor - Don't always require a quadrat.