B2 Carbonyl Chemistry

Question 1

draw the synthesis pathway for carbonyls

Question 2

how is carbonyl bonding different to that of alkenes

Answer 2

O-derived orbitals are low in energy as they are more electronegative. they are empty and more available to accept electrons

Question 3

why are carbonyls reactive towards nucleophiles

Answer 3

because although the C=O bond is strong it is also polarised so nucleophiles are attracted to the positive carbon where they can attack the large lobe of the LUMO

Question 4

how does the shape and hybridization of carbonyls change as they react with a nucleophile

Answer 4

planar, sp2 hybridised -> tetrahedral sp3 hybridised

Question 5

draw the mechanism for the reaction of water with a ketone

Question 6

what is the steric component involved in the hydration of carbonyls

Answer 6

larger subunits than H disfavour going to sp3

Question 7

what is the electronic component involved in the hydration of carbonyls

Answer 7

stabilisation of carbonyl by hyperconjugation going into sp3

Question 8

draw the mechanism for this reaction alcohol + acid -> ester -> ketone

Question 9

draw the mechanism for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones using acidic dichromate

Question 10

how can u stop