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biology > B2 - cell division > Flashcards

B2 - cell division Flashcards

1
Q

what is a moral disadvantage of embryonic stem cells

A

they come from IVF babies and aborted embryos which people feel is immoral

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2
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

stem cells found in adults that can only differentiate into limited numbers of cells

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3
Q

are adult stem cells pluri or multi potent

A

multipotent

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4
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

stem cells found in embryos that can differentiate into any type of cell

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5
Q

are embryonic stem cells pluri or multi potent

A

pluripotent

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6
Q

what are stem cells

A

an undifferentiated cell able to undergo mitosis to make other stem cells or differentiate to become specialised cells

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7
Q

what is an advantage of adult stem cells

A

tissues created won’t be rejected

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8
Q

whats a disadvantage of embryonic stem cells

A

rapid cell division could cause cancer

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9
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

a process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can be used in medical treatment

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10
Q

what is an advantage of therapeutic cloning

A

can grow organs with no rejection issue

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11
Q

what is a disadvantage of therapeutic cloning

A

the morality of the procedure is questioned

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12
Q

what are some potential sources of stem cells (5 options)

A

unused embryos, bone marrow, cloned adult stem cells, umbilical chords, amniotic fluid

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13
Q

what are dangers of stem cell treatment (3 options)

A

rapid cell growth could lead to cancer, stem cells from others could be rejected, new tissue could carry a virus which could attack the body

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14
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process where cells become specialised for a particular function

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15
Q

what does multipotent mean

A

can only differentiate into certain numbers of cells depending on where they are found e.g. adult stem cells

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16
Q

what does pluripotent mean

A

a cell can differentiate into anything e.g. plant and embryonic stem cells

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17
Q

how does most plant growth occur

A

cell elongation where cells swell with water and expand

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18
Q

where does growth and cell division occur in plants

A

in the meristem

19
Q

where in the plant contains undifferentiated cells

A

the meristem

20
Q

when do plant cells usually differentiate

A

when they are in their final position

21
Q

can plant cells re-differentiate

A

yes they can re-differentiate and become another type of cell

22
Q

what is a nucleus

A

an organelle in the cell which contains the genetic information and controls the cells activities

23
Q

what is a chromosome

A

how the genetic material is found in the cell and is the DNA molecule coiled up into X structures

24
Q

what is DNA

A

molecules that contain the genetic instructions for the features of an organism

25
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of the DNA that codes for a particular protein, which gives a particular feature

26
Q

how many chromosomes are in human body cells

A

46

27
Q

how many chromosomes are in human gametes

A

23

28
Q

why are chromosomes found in pairs in body cells

A

because you receive 23 from your mother and 23 from your father and these form pairs

29
Q

what is a zygote

A

the new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

30
Q

how are human zygotes formed

A

the gametes (sperm and egg) combine and the chromosomes combine leaving 46 chromosomes forming a single cell with the full genetic info

31
Q

what needs to happen for a zygote to form a fully grown organism

A

cell division needs to occur in order for the organism to grow

32
Q

what is the type of cell division responsible for growth and repair

A

mitosis

33
Q

what type of reproduction is cell division

A

asexual reproduction

34
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

two cells identical to each other and the parent cell

35
Q

what is the first stage of the cell cycle

A

interphase

36
Q

what is the second phase of the cell cycle

A

mitosis

37
Q

what is the final phase of the cell cycle

A

cytokinesis

38
Q

what happens in the interphase

A

replicates DNA to form two copies of each chromosome ready for cell division and increase of number of ribosomes and mitochondria to supply enough protein and energy for cell division

39
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

chromosomes shorten and become visible as chromatids, the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell, the chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides by spindle fibers

40
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

the nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromatids and the cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane reforms leaving two identical daughter cells

41
Q

what is a chromatid

A

half a duplicated chromosome

42
Q

why is interphase the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

the cell needs to grow and make sure the DNA has replicated before it divides as incorrect DNA causes mutations which causes cancer and needs to make sure there’s enough mitochondria and ribosomes

43
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the three stage process of cell division involving mitosis that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells

44
Q

what is cloning

A

the production of genetically identical offspring by asexual reproduction

biology (1 decks)

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