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B2- Cell Specialisation Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need specialized cells?

A

Because not all the cells in the organism will have the same access to all the required resources.

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2
Q

What would happen without specialization in multicellular organisms?

A

The organism would not act as one coordinated organism but as a collection of independent cells.

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What is the primary function of animal stem cells?

A

Animal stem cells help specific tissue with regeneration and repair.

This emphasizes the role of stem cells in maintaining tissue health.

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5
Q

Do animal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of animal cell?

A

No, animal stem cells tend to be specific to the tissue.

For example, blood stem cells can only differentiate into blood cells.

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6
Q

What type of cells can blood stem cells differentiate into?

A

Blood stem cells can only differentiate into blood cells.

This specificity highlights the limited differentiation potential of certain stem cells.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Animal stem cells tend to be specific to the _______.

A

tissue

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8
Q

True or False: Animal stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue.

A

False

Animal stem cells are typically limited to specific types of tissue.

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9
Q

Where are plant stem cells located?

A

In the meristems of the plant

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10
Q

What is the primary function of plant stem cells?

A

To differentiate into all types of different specialised plant cells

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11
Q

Name two types of specialised plant cells that stem cells can differentiate into.

A
  • Root hair cells
  • Palisade mesophyll cells
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12
Q

Can plant stem cells differentiate into any type of plant cell at any time?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What do plant stem cells enable for the plant?

A

Continuous growth throughout its life

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14
Q

What is the primary function of root hair cells?

A

Absorb water from the soil for use in photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions.

Root hair cells play a crucial role in plant hydration and nutrient uptake.

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15
Q

What types of minerals do root hair cells absorb?

A
  • Magnesium
  • Nitrogen
  • Sulfur
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium

These minerals are essential for various physiological functions in plants.

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16
Q

function of mitochondria on root hair cell

A

large numbers of mitochondria are needed to provide energy for active transport of solutes into the cell sap to lower the water potential.

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17
Q

thin cell wall in root hair cell

A

provides short diffusion path for water and mineral ions

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18
Q

long hair like extensions in root hair cell

A

increases surface area for absorption of mineral ions and water

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19
Q

no chloroplast in root hair cell

A

not needed, gives more room of water storage and the large amount of mitochondria needed

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20
Q

membrane permeability in root hair cell

A

membrane is selectively permeable to allow water mols and mineral ions in to the cell easily due to specific channels in membrane which allow for the diffusion of molecules form an area of high concentrations (soil) to an area of low concentrations (cell). this process is called facilitated diffusion due to the use of the protein channels in the membrane.

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21
Q

movement of water in root hair cell

A

Water enters the cell sap by
osmosis through the
tonoplast membrane.

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22
Q

Osmosis: definition

A

Osmosis is the movement of water through a partially
permeable membrane from an area of high
concentration of water to an area of low concentration
of water.

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23
Q

water potential in root hair cell

A

the measure of water’s potential to move from one area to another. pure water has the water potential of 0, so when solutes are added the water potential decreases into a negative values- more solutes added the lower the water potential. the lower the water potential the easier it is for the water to move into the solution through osmosis. so to draw water into the cell sap, the root hair cell actively lowers the water potential in the vacuole by actively pumping solutes into the vacuole against a concentration gradient. this process requires energy from mitochondria.

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24
Q

active transport of solutes in root hair cells

A

Solutes e.g. NaCl moved by active transport into cell sap
to lower its water potential and draw water in. Energy is
needed for this process which is why there are a lot of
mitochondria in root hair cells

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25
arrangement of cells in palisade mesophyll cell
The cells are packed closely together to provide a continuous layer for photosynthesis and maximize light absorption
26
cell position in pallisade mesophll cells
Palisade mesophyll cells are close to the surface of the leaf to allow a short diffusion pathway for carbon dioxide.
27
cell wall - pallisade
Cell wall is clear to allow light in more easily for photosynthesis. They also keep the cell rigid, so the leaf is kept at right angles to sun.
28
chloroplast - pallisade
Chloroplasts are needed to use the energy from sunlight to react carbon dioxide with water to produce carbohydrates like glucose. There are large number of chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells.
29
location of chloroplasts
Chloroplasts can move within the cell using the cytoskeleton so more will migrate towards the surface of the leaf during dull weather but move away to avoid damage if the sun is bright.
30
large vacuole - pallisade
Chloroplasts can move within the cell using the cytoskeleton so more will migrate towards the surface of the leaf during dull weather but move away to avoid damage if the sun is bright.
31
function of the sperm
A sperm is a male gamete (sex cell). Its main function is to carry genetic material to the ovum (female gamete) – fertilisation. In order to do this, it needs to swim a long distance.
32
acrosome - sperm cell
found in the head of the sperm, specialised vesicle containing enzymes needed to break down the eggs membrane to allow for fertilisation by the sperm
33
mitochondria- sperm
found in the mid - section of the sperm in a spiral pattern bcs sperm needs lots of energy to be able to swim form the cervix to the fallopian tube to fertilise egg.
34
What is the primary function of palisade mesophyll cells?
Most photosynthesis takes place in these cells ## Footnote Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to build molecules like glucose.
35
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To capture the energy from sunlight to build molecules such as glucose from carbon dioxide and water ## Footnote Photosynthesis is essential for converting solar energy into chemical energy.
36
Fill in the blank: The palisade mesophyll cells are primarily responsible for _______.
photosynthesis
37
undulopodium
tail/falgellum of sperm and required for mobility
37
haploid nucleus
located at the head of the sperm and contains only half the number of chromosomes (23 for humans) and no pairs of chromosones.so when it fertilises the resulting zygote will have the correct amt of chromosomes(46 in humans)
38
haploid nucleas- egg
A sperm is a male gamete (sex cell). Its main function is to carry genetic material to the ovum (female gamete) – fertilisation. In order to do this, it needs to swim a long distance.
39
cytoplasm and organelles - egg
Eggs cells have a large amount of cytoplasm and associated organelles. It contains nutrients that support the development of the developing zygote after fertilisation. Large numbers of mitochondria are needed to provide the energy required after fertilisation.
40
zona pellucida - egg
The zona pellucida is a special coat outside of the egg cell membrane. It is made up of glycoprotein filaments. After one sperm has entered the egg, it becomes impermeable preventing other sperm from entering (polyspermy). After fertilisation, the zona pellucida protects the developing embryo until it is about to implant into the endometrium – this is called hatching.
41
corona radiata
The corona radiata consists of two or three layers of cells from the follicle. They are attached to the zona pellucida. Its main function is to supply vital proteins to the egg cell.
42
fucntion of red blood cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to wherever it is needed in the body. The oxygen is needed for cellular respiration to provide the energy for the cells’ needs. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria of the cells
43
haemoglobin - red blood cell
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to wherever it is needed in the body. The oxygen is needed for cellular respiration to provide the energy for the cells’ needs. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria of the cells
44
bone marrow
The stem cells for all blood cells, including red blood cells, are in the bone marrow in many bones including hip bones, vertebrae and skull bones
45
cell respiration
Glucose + Oxygen --->Water + Carbon dioxide
46
number of red blood cells
Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cells and make up 45% of the blood by volume. There is estimated to be about 5 million red blood cells per ml of blood. The large numbers of red blood cells means that the blood can carry more oxygen.
47
Membrane: red blood cell
The cell membrane of the red blood cell is very thin to allow a short diffusion pathway for oxygen (or carbon dioxide) to enter the cell. It also gives the cell flexibility to allow it to squeeze through narrow capillaries. It has an underlying cytoskeleton that allows the cell to withstand forces.
48
Cell flexibility: red blood cell
The shape of the cell and the thin membrane give the red blood cell flexibility so it can squeeze through narrow capillaries. This also ensures the cell membrane is close to the wall of the capillary to ensure as short a diffusion pathway as possible.
49
Organelles: red blood cell
Red blood cells do not contain a nucleus, mitochondria, rough or smooth ER and mitochondria. This allows a lot more room in the cell. This extra space is used to pack in as many haemoglobin molecules as possible so each red blood cell can carry as much oxygen as possible.
50
biconcave shape- red blood cell
The shape allows a large surface area to volume ratio so that more oxygen can be absorbed into the red blood cell.
51
white blood cell
There are many different types of white blood cell. Together they make up about 1% of the total volume of the blood. They are also made in the bone marrow. Their main function is to protect the body against infection or cancer. Different types of white blood cell do this in different ways.
52
neutrophil function
Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. They are involved in non-specific response against infection. They destroy invading microorganisms but do not give long-term immunity.
53
lobed nuclease -neutrophil, white blood cell
The lobed nucleus takes up less room and is flexible allowing the neutrophil to be able to squeeze through small spaces such as through the capillary walls.
54
Attraction to microorganisms: neutrophil, white blood cell
Neutrophils migrate towards pathogens by chemotaxis – due to the chemicals they give out. They can squeeze out of the blood capillaries and enter the tissues.
55
lysosomones - neutrophiles , white blood cells
Neutrophils contain a lot of lysosomes – an organelle containing destructive enzymes. These are used to destroy the pathogens that have been engulfed during phagocytosis.
56
phagocytosis, neutrophil, WBC
Neutrophils can engulf pathogens using the process of phagocytosis. The pathogens will end up inside the neutrophil inside a vacuole where it can be destroyed by the neutrophil.
57
t lymphocytes - WBC
T lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland. They are involved in specific immunity.
58
b lymphocytes- WBC
B lymphocytes are made and mature in the bone marrow. They are also involved in specific immunity. They produce antibodies.
59
60
60
how t lymphocytes work
T lymphocytes detect cancerous cells or pathogens with the antigen receptor which is why tissue typing is needed for organ transplants or blood donations. Helper T cells release cytokines which regulate other white blood cells. Cytotoxic T cells release toxins which kill cells that are cancerous. T cells can produce memory cells which can respond more quickly to a particular pathogen if it encounters it again.
61
How B lymphocytes work:
B lymphocytes work by producing antibodies which are specific to particular pathogens. Antibodies do not directly kill pathogens. They can cause pathogens to clump together because each antigen can combine with more than one pathogen. This makes them easier for T cells and other white blood cells to find and destroy. Antigens also bind to viruses and prevent them from entering the cells. When a specific infection is encountered, the specific B cell will divide rapidly into plasma cells which produce the antibodies and memory cells which speed the response to future infections by the same pathogen.
62
both lymphocyte types have
Less cytoplasm Antigen receptor
63

applied science (5 decks)

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