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Unit B > B2 Content > Flashcards

B2 Content Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Process by which populations living things change over a series of generations

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2
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Fossil records
Biochemistry
Genetics
Behaviour
Plant and animal breeding
Embryology

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3
Q

Palaeontology

A

The study of fossils

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4
Q

Relative dating

A

Deeper sedimentary rock layers meaning they formed earlier —> older fossil

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5
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Technique to determine age of a rock or fossil by radioactive isotope decay rate.

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6
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of variation and geographic distribution of life on earth (past and present)

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7
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Features with similar structure but different functions
Similar origins but different uses in different species

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8
Q

What are Analogous structures?

A

Similar in function and appearance but not in origin.

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9
Q

Convergent evolution

A

-Development of similar adaptations from unrelated species.
-Occupy equivalent niches on different continents
-Due to Similar environmental conditions

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10
Q

Embryonic Development

A

Late 1800s: scientists noted similarity between embryos of different species

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11
Q

Vestigial features

A

Rudimentary structures with no useful function
May have been functional in ancestor

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12
Q

Vestigial structures examples

A

Human appendix
Coccyx(tail bone)
Wisdom teeth
Muscles which move ears

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13
Q

Universal

A

Similarities in genetic code

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14
Q

What is gene

A

A segment of DNA that performs a specific function

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15
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Animal and plant breeding
Process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

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16
Q

Scientific theory

A

Model that accounts for all known scientific evidence

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17
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC
First to attempt to classify animals
First to propose spontaneous generation

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18
Q

George’s Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

1750s
Leading naturalist
Species could change overtime which could lead to new organisms

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19
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

1760s
Founder of bio nominal nomenclature

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20
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

1790s
(Darwin’s grandpa)
All life developed from a single source

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21
Q

Jean- Baptiste Pierre

A

First theory of evolution with mechanism

Simples species are created with spontaneous generation and become more complex

Organisms have a desire to change for the better so they produce new parts

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22
Q

Lamarckism

A

Inheritance of a acquired characteristic. If you use it often it will pass to the next generation

Use it or lose it

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23
Q

Natural selection

A

Result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics

Environmental pressure, inheritance of characteristics and variation of the characteristics

24
Q

Natural selection- Darwin

A

All species display inherited variation which makes them better adapted to Survive and reproduce better than others

25
Darwin’s theory of natural selection in 5 points
1.Overproduction 2.struggle for existence 3.variation 4.survival of the fittest 5.speciation
26
Darwin’s theory- over production
Number of offsprings produced by a species is greater than can survive and reproduce
27
Darwin’s theory-competion
Organisms of the same species(and others) must compete for the same limited resources;struggle for existence
28
Darwin’s theory- variation
No two individuals are exactly the same( except identical twins)
29
Darwin’s theory-survival of the fittest
The environment acts to select favourable traits(not create them). Those with an advantage survive and reproduce, increasing their numbers
30
Darwin’s theory-specification
Individuals do not change, population change overtime Accumulation of new traits over a long period of time, leads to a different population and thus new species
31
Lamarks theory
Variations is acquired
32
Darwin’s theory
Variations is inherited
33
Mutations
Introduce new characteristics/variations into a population
34
Inherited variations-mutations
DNA is composed of nucleotide bases that form genes which give organism inherited traits DNA is usually replicated the exact same but sometimes changes can occur
35
Mutations- neutral
Neutral mutations have no immediate effect on an individual’s fitness or reproductive system
36
Harmful mutations
May cause genetic disorders or cancer Reduces individuals fitness
37
Mutation-beneficial
Provide an advantage to an individual Has selective advantage which will likely be passed onto offspring
38
True or false Mutations occur when they are needed in response to encompass changes
False they occur at random times
39
True or false Harmful mutations are more common,so they can accumulate and the species will steadily degrade
False they are selected against
40
True or false Mutations=diversity
True this can then lead to speciation over 1000s of generations
41
Inherited variations
Receive exact same DNA as parent
42
Inherited variation- sexual reproduction
Sexually reproducing species are variable in their phenotype(how they look)
43
Sexual reproduction
Half of mom and half from dad involves 2 pairs
44
Asexual reproduction
Involves only one parent and usually has same DNA as them
45
Adaption
Change in a characteristic of an organism that increases its chance of survival
46
3 types of adaptions we witness in nature
Structural Behavioural Physiological
47
Structural adaptions
Physical characteristics that helps an organism survive in its environment
48
Behavioural adaptions
Something an organism does usually in response to an external stimulus that helps them to survive Hibernation Migration
49
Physiological adaption
A process inside of a organisms body that helps it to survive in its environment
50
Speciation-forming a new species
Species are defined as a group of organisms that are theoretically able to reproduce with one another to make viable offspring
51
Allopathic speciation- physical barrier
Separating a single interbreeding population into 2 or more groups. Mutations are not shared with other populations
52
Allopathic speciation- natural selection
Works in separate populations inherited differences. Population evolve independently in response to varying environments Groups are no longer sexually compatible due to accumulated physical/behavioural differneces
53
Darwin’s theory - speciation
Individuals do not change population change over time Accumulation of new traits over a long period of times population become different, new species
54
Theory of gradualism
Speciation occurs slowly Fossil record shows abrupt changes but we are missing many pieces
55
Theory of punctuated equilibrium
1. Many species evolve very rapidly in evolutionary time 2. Speciation usually occurs in small isolated populations, so Intermediate fossils are rare 3. after an Initial burst of evolution, species are well adapted to their environment, so they do not change significantly over long time periods
56
Macro evolution
Evidence of divergent evolution:when species rapidly evolved into many species
57
Permian extinction:
unknown but suspect tectonic plates

Unit B (3 decks)

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