B2- Further Science Concepts (Anatomy and Physiology) Flashcards
1
Q
Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?
A
The bronchi and bronchioles
2
Q
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
A
Alveoli
3
Q
When we inhale, what happens to the pressure in the thorax?
A
It decreases as we inhale
4
Q
What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?
A
Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood
5
Q
What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?
A
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
6
Q
What happens when we inhale?
A
The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards and outwards
7
Q
What makes the alveoli efficient at gas exchange?
A
Thin walls to maximise diffusion
8
Q
During exercise, what happens to breathing in humans?
A
Breathing rate and depth increase
9
Q
Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. What problem does this cause?
A
The carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells, reducing the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Can lead to suffocation
10
Q
What is gaseous exchange?
A
The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs.
11
Q
What are the respiratory gases?
A
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
12
Q
Why do we need to obtain oxygen?
A
Need oxygen to produce ATP
13
Q
Why do we need to remove carbon dioxide?
A
To prevent the toxic effect it has on the body taking place.
14
Q
What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?
A
The rate of diffusion across a surface area is proportional to the concentration gradient
15
Q
What is cellular respiration?
A
The process through which cells convert sugars into energy (ATP)
16
Q
What is the name of the high-energy molecule used by cells?
A
Adenosine triphosphate
17
Q
How is the energy we need to live provided?
A
Carbohydrates and fats in our diet
18
Q
Where is glucose broken down in cells?
A
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
19
Q
How is the rest of the energy not released as heat after glucose is broken down used?
A
Trapped by a Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
20
Q
What happens after the energy from glucose is trapped by ADP?
A
It uses the energy to become Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
21
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
A
Transportation
22
Q
How big is the heart?
A
Size of a fist
23
Q
What is the mediastinum?
A
The space between the lungs where the heart lives
24
Q
What is the apex of the heart?
A
The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm
25
What is the base of the heart?
The top part of the heart that is broad
26
What is the pericardium?
The double walled sac that the heart sits in and contains serous fluid between three layers to prevent friction
27
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium/pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
28
What is the endocardium?
innermost layer of the heart
29
How many hollow chambers does the heart have?
Four
30
What are the atria?
The receiving chambers, blood comes into the heart
31
What is the interatrial septum?
Wall that separates right and left atria
32
Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the veins?
Right side
33
What is the Vena Cava?
A large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart from the body
34
What are the pulmonary arteries?
Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
35
What is the pulmonary vein?
A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
36
What is the aorta?
Largest artery in the body
37
How many valves are within the heart?
four
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic
38
What is the purpose of the valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
39
Why are the walls of the atria thicker?
They carry high pressure
40
What are the arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
41
What are the arterioles?
Smallest arteries that connect to capillaries
42
What is a capillary bed?
Network of capillaries in an area of tissue
43
What are veins?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin
44
Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins?
They are constantly changing pressure
45
What are the renal arteries?
large branches of the aorta carrying blood to the kidneys
46
What major role the kidneys play in the cardiovascular system?
Regulate blood pressure
47
How does temperature affect blood pressure?
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect while heat has a vasodilating effect
48
How do chemicals affect blood pressure?
Drugs, alcohol, nicotine can increase blood pressure causing vasoconstriction
49
How does diet affect blood pressure?
Foods low in salt and sodium can help prevent hypertension
50
What are the components of blood?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
51
What are the functions of blood?
- Transport
- Protection from infection
- Clotting
- Maintenance of pH
- Regulating body temperature
52
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, pancreas
53
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The production of specific hormones and hormone regulation.
54
What is the pancreas' role in blood glucose regulation?
When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin.
When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them
55
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers of the endocrine system that are released into the blood.
56
What are protein hormones?
A class of hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane; less likely to be stored in the body.
57
What are steroid hormones?
A class of hormones that can pass through the cell membrane; can be stored in the body.
58
What is hypersecretion?
Excessive hormone production
59
What is hyposecretion?
Insufficient hormone secretion
60
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Controls the secretion of hormones in the body. Controls the pituitary gland
61
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Sends signals to other glands and organs in the endocrine system to release hormones.
62
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Regulates cell metabolism
63
What is the role of the parathyroid?
Regulates calcium in the body.
64
What is the role of the Adrenal Glands?
Regulates metabolism, blood pressure, response to stress and produces adrenaline.
65
What is the role of the Ovaries in the endocrine system?
Produces estrogen and progesterone
66
What is the role of the testes in the endocrine system?
Produces testosterone
67
What is the role of the pancreas?
Sends out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.
68
What does thyroxine do?
Regulates metabolism
69
What does cortisone do?
Mobilises nutrients, modifies body's response to inflammation
70
What does oestrogen do?
Oestrogen increases the thickness of the womb. It also causes a spike in LH and inhibits the release of FSH.
71
What does testosterone do?
Influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics.
72
What does gastrin do?
Stimulates acid secretion
73
What does growth hormone do?
Causes body tissue growth by several different mechanisms.
74
What is FSH?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
75
What does ADH do?
Facilitates reabsorption of water in nephron of kidney
76
What is LH?
Luteinising hormone
77
What does oxytocin do?
Increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected
78
What are the effects of adrenaline?
- Increase in heart rate to increase blood supply to muscles
- Dilation of blood vessels inside muscles to increase oxygen/glucose supply
- Triggers breakdown of lipids to produce fatty acids and glycerol.
- The fatty acids are respired to provide muscles with energy (ATP)
- Triggers breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver/muscles. This glucose in respired to provide the muscle with energy.
79
What is the role of the antidiuretic hormone in urine production?
Causes the kidney to release less water and therefore produce less urine.
80
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles, ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
81
How are the components of the respiratory organised?
Mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
82
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide by breathing.
83
How does gaseous exchange occur?
Diffusion through alveoli
84
What is the role of the ciliated epithelial cells?
Moving particles or fluid over the surface
85
What is the role of the pulmonary surfactant?
It reduces surface tension at the alveolar membrane and thereby helps prevent alveolar collapse
86
Where does gaseous exchange occur?
Across the respiratory membrane in the alveolar duct and in the millions of alveoli
87
How can breathing rate be increased or decreased?
- Strenuous activity
| - Slow breathing/controlled breathing
88
What are the nasal turbinates?
Passageways from the nostrils to the lungs
89
What are the nasal sinuses?
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid
90
What is the nasal passages?
The uppermost part of the respiratory system.
91
What is the oropharyngeal?
The middle part of the pharynx behind the mouth.
92
What is the epiglottis?
A flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing
93
What are the components of the nervous system?
Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system
94
What is the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
95
What is the peripheral nervous system?
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
96
What is the structure of the mammalian motor neurone?
Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, axon endings/terminals and synaptic ends
97
What is the function of the nervous system?
Controls and coordinates body activities
98
What is the role of PNS?
Carries messages to and from the CNS
99
How does the CNS gather information?
From the body senses
100
What are the body senses?
Pressure
Temperature
Sounds
Light
Touch
Pain
Taste
101
What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones
Tissues
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Soft tissue
102
What is a synarthroses joint?
An immovable joint
103
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
Semi-movable joints
104
What is a diarthrosis joint?
Freely movable joint
105
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
To supply the body, protect organs and allow the body to move.
106
What is the musculoskeletal system in relation to movement
Contracting and pulling the bones to allow movement
107
Describe the sliding filament theory
Thick and thin filaments sliding over one another to bring about contraction and relaxation; working in their antagonist pairs.
108
What are the components of the digestive system?
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Duodenum
Ileum
Colon
Salivary glands
Gallbladder
109
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical digestion
Absorption process
110
What is the role of salivary amylase?
An enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth
111
What is the role of pancreatic amylase?
Breaks down starch to maltose
112
What is the role of pancreatic lactase?
Breaks down lactose into Glucose and Galactose
113
What is the role of pancreatic sucrase?
Breaks down sucrose into Glucose and Fructose
114
What is the role of pancreatic protease?
Breaks down proteins into amino acids
115
What is the role of pancreatic lipase?
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
116
What is the role of microorganisms in the digestive system?
Bacteria breaks down some substances in food that cannot be digested, such as fibre and some starches and sugars.
Bacteria produce enzymes that digest carbohydrates in plant cell walls.
117
What are the major products of digestion?
Carbohydrates are digested and converted into monosaccharides like glucose.
Proteins are finally broken down into amino acids.
The fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol.
118
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Arteries
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Mammalian heart
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Semilunar valves
119
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
120
What are thrombocytes?
Blood cells that play a major role in blood clotting
121
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
122
What are leucocytes?
White blood cells
123
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
Facilitates the circulation of blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells.
124
What is the cardiac cycle?
One complete heartbeat
125
What effect does a pressure change have on the heart?
High blood pressure forces the heart to work harder to pump blood to the rest of the body
Low blood pressure can deprive your body of enough oxygen to carry out its function, leading to damage to your heart and brain.
126
How is heart rate controlled?
Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.
127
What are the blood groups?
A, B, AB, O, Rh
128
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
produce, maintain and transport sperm and semen
129
Function of the female reproductive system?
Producing eggs and hormones, maintaining a pregnancy and facilitating childbirth.
130
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs.
131
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
the external genitals (the penis, testes and the scrotum) and internal parts, including the prostate gland, vas deferens and urethra
132
What are the components of the renal system?
Kidney
Nephron
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
133
What is the function of the renal system?
Removal of waste products from the body
Processes of urine production
134
What is the renal systems role in osmoregulation?
The renal system alters water retention and thirst to slowly change blood volume and keep blood pressure in a normal range.
135
What is the role of the renal system in homeostasis?
Regulation of electrolyte balance
136
What are the components of the integumentary system?
Skin, Hair, Nails, Exocrine glands
137
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, Protection, Cutaneous sensation, excretion
138
What are the normal expected ranges for blood pressure in an adult?
Systolic mm/hg: 90-120
Diastolic mm/hg: 60-80
139
What are the normal expected ranges for heart rate in an adult?
60-100bpm
140
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
at rest 12-20 breaths per minute
141
What is the normal expected temperature for an adult?
36-37.5ºC
142
How do you identify physiological measurements that fall out of the normal range?
Regular recording of physiological measurements.
Use of equipment/checks to regularly monitor that the measurements are within range.
143
What factors contribute to measurements outside of normal parameters?
Age
Weight
Exercise
Gender
Overall health
144
How is blood pressure recorded?
Measure blood pressure using a blood pressure monitor or sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
145
How is pulse measured and recorded?
Measure the rate at which an individual's heart beats using a oximeter
Measure the rate at which an individual's heart beats by checking their radial pulse, using 2 fingers placed on the wrist and fob watch to count beats per minute.
146
How is in individuals temperature measured?
Measure temperature using a clinical thermometer
147
How do you recognise physiological deterioration?
Check change in vital signs using patient observations record
148
How do you measure respiratory rate?
Counting breaths per minute using a fob watch
149
How does homeostasis contribute to maintaining a healthy body?
Maintains stability and function of the physiological systems and cells when there are changes to internal and external conditions that would otherwise prevent enzymes from functioning normally.
150
What is the impact of a failure of homeostasis?
Cells work incorrectly resulting in possible toxicity or deficiency
151
What are the different classification systems?
Topographic
Anatomic
Physiological
152
What is the purpose of different classification systems?
Provide a common language for reporting and monitoring.
Allows the sharing and comparing of data.
Allows rates and frequency of disease to be assessed.
Supports the development of possible treatment.
153
What is topographic classification?
By bodily region or system
154
What is anatomical classification?
By organ or tissue
155
What is physiological classification?
By function or effect
156
Define injury
Damage to the body caused by external force
157
Describe the process in the proliferation phase
Growth of new tissue, replaces old tissue, soft tissue repair, early stages contract wound and create scar tissue, the wound is then remodelled to increase tensile strength, maturation stage then begins to fade the scar and increase textile strength.
158
Define trauma
An injury that has the potential to cause disability or death.
159
What is the body's involuntary inflammatory response to pain?
Increased blood flow
Increased metabolic rate
Redness
Pain
Swelling
160
What is meant by epidemiology?
Study and analysis of the distribution and patterns in populations and why they occur
161
Give examples of specific terminology used in epidemiology
Incidents
Prevalence
Mortality
Morbidity
162
How is epidemiology used to provide information to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent disease?
Identify the cause of the disease
Determine the extent of the disease
Identify trends and patterns of the incident and frequency of the disease
Study the progression of disease
Plan and evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures for disease or conditions.
Develop public health policy and preventative measures
163
How does health promotion help to prevent the spread of disease?
Communication:
Raising awareness of required behaviours through a range of mediums
Policy and systems:
Systematic change to procedures, regulations or law to enforce required behaviour
Education programmes:
Improving knowledge and empowering individuals to adapt own behaviour.
Health promotion for specific disease and disorders:
Targeted awareness raiding and campaigns.
164
CACHE question - Anatomy & Physiology
'Cellular respiration occurs within each cell of the body'. Describe the process of cellular respiration (3 Marks)
- O2 diffuses across the alveoli by the process of gaseous exchange and travels to cells and tissues.
- Nutrients absorbed in small intestines are released in cellular respiration
- Simple sugars are broken down either in the cytoplasm or mitochondria
- Some energy released as heat --> the rest released as ATP
165
'Dementia is a mental health disorder only, not a physical condition.' True or false?
False
166
Is dementia a natural part of ageing?
No
167
Which body system do the heart and blood vessels belong to ?
Cardiovascular system
168
Which body system is involved in breathing?
Respiratory system
169
Diabetes is a disease of which body system?
Endocrine system
170
Name 2 structures of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
171
What does anatomy refer to ?
Anatomy refers to the structures of the body
172
What does physiology refer to?
Physiology refers to the functions of the body
173
What is an organelle?
Organelles are the microscopic structures that are found inside a cell
174
CACHE Question Anatomy & Physiology
'Blood has an important role in cellular respiration.' Describe 2 ways that blood assists cellular respiration for healthy bodily function (4 Marks)
- Supplies and removes gases
supplies oxygen
removes carbon dioxide
- Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Blood capillaries provide easy access to diffuse into cells.
- Makes sure no waste product is left behind (carbon dioxide)
- Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin for that journey
- Carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin to become carboxyhemoglobin
175
What is cellular respiration?
Where glucose is changed into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Oxygen is required for this process.
176
Where does cellular respiration take place?
The mitochondria of organelles
177
Describe the process of cellular respiration
Glucose is broken down into simpler components and the energy holding the molecule together is released.
178
When we have a vaccine, which body system helps to develop immunity to that virus?
Immune system
179
What does homeostasis mean?
The healthy maintenance
| and regulation of the body that allows cells, tissues and organisms and functions.
180
How many chambers make up the heart?
4
181
Name the chambers of the heart
left + right atrium, left + right ventricle
182
What separates the atrial chambers?
Interatrial septum
183
What are cilia?
Hair - like organelles that are on the surface of the airway and move microbes and debris
184
How many phases does pulmonary ventilation have?
2 phases
Inspiration/inhalation
Expiration/expiration
185
what cavity are the lungs enclosed in?
Thoracic/chest
186
what is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing?
The phrenic nerve plays a key role in breathing or respiration. It causes your diaphragm to contract and expand, giving your lungs ability to inhale and exhale air.
187
What is vital capacity?
Largest amount of air we can breathe out in one expiration
188
What is tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.
189
Stages of wound healing
1. Inflammatory/haemostasis (initial)
- immediate phase, lasts about 3 days
- increased blood supply and phagocytosis by diapedesis (delivers oxygen, wbcs, and nutrient to the wound to support healing)
- control bleeding for clot formation
2. Proliferative (granulation)
- second phase
- fibroblasts synthesize collagen
- formation of granulation tissue
3. Maturation and Remodeling
- continued granulation and strengthening of tissue
- scar formation
190
What is thermoregulation?
Regulation of body temperature
191
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
192
What is antibiotic resistance?
when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth
