B2-Health And Disease Flashcards
(36 cards)
What’s the relationship between health and disease?
What are the 2 types of diseases
-Communicable(can spread between organisms)
-Non-communicable(cannot spread between organisms)
What are the 4 types of pathogens?
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Protists
-Fungi
How can communicable diseases spread in animals and plants?
-Water
-Air
-Surfaces
-Body fluids
-Animal Vectors
-Soil
-Vectors
What is Influenza (viral)?
-A virus that is spread through the air
What is HIV (viral)?
-Spread by exchanging bodily fluids and sexual contact.
-Symptoms are fever, tiredness, aches. Later you might feel better but the virus is doing more damage to the immune system.
-Because the immune system is so weak, you start to catch unusual infections or get cancer. At this point, we say the person has developed AIDS which is a disease where the person’s immune system cant cope anymore.
-You can take Antiretroviral which prevents the disease from replicating and needs to be taken early in disease.
What is Salmonella (bacterial)?
-A bacteria found is some foods(e.g. raw meat)
-Happens when food is kept too long or not cooked properly
-Causes food poisoning
-Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhoea
What is Athlete’s foot (fungal)?
-A fungal disease spread by touching the same surface as an infected person.
-makes skin on feet itch and flake off.
What is malaria (protist)?
-A protist thats spread through animal vectors.
It infects by inserting protist into animal’s blood vessel.
-causes repeated fevers(can be fatal).
What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (viral)?
-Affects Tobacco and Tomato plants.
-Called Mosaic because it has discoloured patches on the leaves making a Mosaic pattern to form.
-Photosynthesis can’t take place on the discoloured patches so the plant won’t be able produce enough sugars for proper growth.
What is Ash Dieback (fungal)?
-Causes ash trees to loose leaves, develop brown patches on their bark, and eventually die.
-Caused by spores carried by the wind, as well as direct or indirect contact with contaminated plants.
What is Crown Gall Disease (bacterial)?
-A bacteria that lives freely in soil and roots of plants.
-If they enter a plant, they cause tumours that damage plant tissue.
-The plant then becomes weaker or even die.
What are three Non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens?
-Physical Defences= They act as a physical barrier to pathogens.
-Chemical Defences= They involve chemicals which kills pathogens.
-Microbial Defences= They involve other micro-organisms.
What are physical defence systems?
-Whole Respiratory Tract is lined with mucus(muscus traps particles that can have pathogens).
-Skin(if theres a wound, pathogens can enter).
-Platelets clump togethor to repair the wound.
What are chemical defence systems?
-Eyes produce lysozyme(in tears) which breaks down bacteria.
-Saliva has molecules which kills pathogens that enter the mouth.
-Stomach produces hydrochloric acid(which kills pathogens).
What are Microbial Defences?
-Some pathogens make it past the saliva, acid in the stomach and enter the gut.
- There, they need to compete with bacteria which naturally lives in the gut (intestines) to survive.
What are platelets?
-Tiny fragments of cells(with no nucleus) that help to blood to clot at wound sites.
How are platelets adapted to their function?
-Platelets have proteins on their surface which help bind to the site of the wound.
What’s the role of the immune system when defending against diseases?
-Pathogen is detected and surrounded bythe phagocyte. The pathogen is engulfed. A vessicle containing enzymes fuses with the pathogen. The pathogen is then digested by the enzymes.
-Lymphocytes produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen. If a person is infected with the same pathogen, memory cells will trigger a rapid response.
How are white blood cell’s adapted to their function in the blood?
-Phagocytes have receptors that bind to the antigen on pathogens.
-WBC’s can produce anti-toxins that bind and counteract toxins, so cells aren’t damaged.
-Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens on the pathogen and act as a signal to tell our WBC’s to come and destroy them.
How can the spread of communicable diseases be reduced in animals?
-Vaccination
-Sterilising wounds
-Isolating infected individuals
-Being hygienic(e.g.washing hands)
-Contraception(to reduce risk of HIV)
How can the spread of communicable diseases be reduced in plants?
-Destroying infected plants
-Crop Rotation
-Biological control(using another organism to control a pest/pathogen)
What is a vaccine?
-A vaccine contains dead or weakened pathogens so that they can’t cause a disease.
What are the pros of vaccines?
-Controls common diseases(e.g.whooping cough)
-Prevents outbreaks that could kill a lot of people.
