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Biology > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

what does the human digestive system provide the body with

A

nutrients

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2
Q

what does the respiatory system do

A

provides the body w oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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3
Q

what are cells

A

the basic building blocks of all living organisms

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4
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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5
Q

what are organs

A

aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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6
Q

why do enzymes only catalyse specific reactions

A

due to the shape of their active site

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7
Q

what is the lock and key theory

A

that the enzyme has a unique active site that fits onto the substrate involved in a reaction

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8
Q

why might the enzyme not work anymore if the temp increases too much

A

as it may break some of the bonds holding that enzyme together, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate doesnt fit anymore. this means its denatured

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9
Q

what are 2 things which can make an enzyme denatured

A

pH
temp

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10
Q

where is amylase made

A

salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine

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11
Q

where is protease made

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

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12
Q

where is lipase made

A

pancreas
small intestine

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13
Q

what do digestive enzymes convert food into

A

small soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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14
Q

what do carbohydrases

A

break down carbohydrase into simple sugars

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15
Q

what does amylase do

A

break down starch

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16
Q

what do proteases do

A

break down protiens into amino acids

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17
Q

what do lipases do

A

break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

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18
Q

where is bile made

A

in the liver

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19
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gall bladder

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20
Q

why is bile alkaline

A

to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach

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21
Q

what does bile do

A

neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach
emulsifies fat to form small droplets to increase the surface area

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22
Q

how do we make a food sample

A

1 - use a pestle and mortar to break up food
2 - transfer this to a beaker and add distillied water
3 - stir w glass rod to dissolve some of the food
4 - filter using a funnel and filter paper to get rid of the solid bits of food

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23
Q

what is the benedicts test used for

A

to test for sugars

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24
Q

what is the iodine test used for

A

test for starch

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25
what is the biuret test used for
to test for proteins
26
what is the sudan iii test used for
to test for lipids
27
how do we carry out the benedicts test
1 - transfer 5cm3 of food sample to a test tube 2 - prepare a water bath at 75 degrees 3 - add 10 drops of benedicts solution using a test tube using a pipette and pipette filler 4 - place the test tube in the water bath using a test tube holder, leaving it for 5 mins 5 - if the colour changes from blue to green, yellow or brick red then sugars are present
28
how do we carry out the iodine test
1 - transfer 5cm3 of food sample to a test tube 2 - add a few drops of iodine solution 3 - gently shake 4 - if the colour changes from orange to black or blue-black then there is starch
29
how do we carry out the sudan iii test
1 - transfer 5cm3 of food sample to a test tube 2 - use a pipette to add 3 drops of sudan iii stain solution and gently shake 3 - if lipids present, there will be two layers and the top layer will be bright red
30
how do we carry out the biruet test
1 - transfer 2cm3 of food sample to a test tube 2 - add 2cm3 of biuret solution to the sample and shake 3 - if there is starch, the solution will change from blue to purple
31
examples of foods containing sugar
biscuts bread cereal
32
what type of sugars can we test for
only reducing sugars not non reducing sugars
33
examples of food containing starch
pasta rice potaotes
34
examples of food containing protein
meat cheese
35
examples of food containing lipids
olive oil margarine milk
36
where are the lungs in your body
the thorax
37
what are the lungs surrounded by
plural membranes
38
what is a double ciruculatory system
blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart and blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart
39
what is the resting heart rate controlled by
a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as pacemakers
40
what are artifical pacemakers
electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate
41
how is the artery adapted
walls are strong and elastic smaller lumen walls contain thick layer of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibers to allow them to stretch and spring back
42
how are capillaries adapted
very small permable walls only one cell thick walls
43
how are veins adapted
bigger lumen valves to prevent backflow
44
what do platelets do
they help blood to clot
45
what is carried in the plasma
red/white blood cells glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide urea hormones proteins antibodies and antitoxins
46
how are blood cells adapted
no nucleus bioconcave shape giving a large surface area contain haemoglobin which oxygen can bind to to make oxyhaemoglobin
47
what is coronary heart disease
layers of fatty acid build up inside the coronary arteries making them narrow. this reduces the flow of blood through the arteries and a lack of oxygen in the heart
48
what do statins do
reduce the cholesterol in the blood, slowing down the rate of fatty deposits forming
49
what do stents do
they keep arteries open
50
what are statins
drugs to take to thin blood
51
what are stents
tubes that are inserted inside the arteries to keep them open so blood can pass to the heart.
52
advantages of stents
efficient way of lowering the risk of heart attack effective for a long time recovery time from surgery is quick
53
disadvantages of stents
risk of surgery complications risk of infection risk of thrombosis
54
advantages of statins
reduces risk of strokes and heart attacks increase the amount of good cholestrol may help prevent other dieases
55
disadvantages of statins
long term drug so someone can forget to take them side effects such as headaches, kidney faliure, liver damage, memory loss takes a long time for the drugs to work
56
why may someone use an artificial heart
if a donor is not avaliable straight away to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
57
what are artifical hearts
mechanical devices which pump blood
58
advantages of artifical hearts
less likley to be rejected by the body as theyre made from plastics and metals
59
disadvantages of artificial hearts
surgery risks such as infection dont work as well as natural ones patients have to take drugs to thin the blood
60
how may a valve become damaged
heart attack infection old age
61
what can damage to a valve cause
the valve to stiffen or become leaky
62
what are mechanical valves
man made replacement valves
63
what are biological valves
replacement valves taken from other humans or animals
64
what is health
the state of physical and mental wellbeing
65
what are causes of ill health
disease diet stress life situations
66
how may diseases interact
defects in the immune system make it more likely to suffer from an infectious disease viruses living in cells can trigger cancer immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness
67
what can some risk factors be which can increase the rate of a disease
lifestyle substances in the body or enviroment
68
what are benign tumors
abnormal growth of cells which are contained in one area and do not invade other parts of the body
69
what are malignant tumours
tumours which invade other parts of the body via the blood
70
where does most photosynthesis happen in the leaf
palisade mesophyll tissue
71
what is spongy mesophyll tissue
it has big airspaces to allow gasses to diffuse in and out
72
where is meristem tissue found
growing tips of shoots and roots
73
what do pholem transport
food molecules for immediate use or storage
74
how are pholem adapted
they are elongated cells and have pores in end walls to allow cell sap to move through
75
what is translocation
when food molecules move through the pholem tissue
76
how are xylem adapted
hollow tubes strenghtened by lignin
77
role of stomata
to control gas exchange and water loss

Biology (5 decks)

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