B2 Organisation Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is a tissue
A
A group of similar cells that carry out a function
2
Q
What is an organ
A
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
3
Q
What is an organ system
A
A group of organs working together to perform a function
4
Q
What is the digestive system
A
An organ system found in humans and other mammals
5
Q
The liver produces
A
Bile
6
Q
The stomach
A
Digests food
7
Q
The pancreas produces
A
Digestive juices
8
Q
Salivary glands produce
A
Digestive juices
9
Q
Large intestine
A
Absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces ( poo)
10
Q
Small intestine
A
Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules
11
Q
Enzymes are
A
Large proteins
12
Q
Every enzyme has an
A
Active site with a unique shape
13
Q
If the temperature is too hot what will happen to the enzyme
A
Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break
14
Q
All enzymes have an optimum
A
Temperature that they work best at
15
Q
Ph can affect the
A
Rate of reaction involving an enzyme
16
Q
I the ph is too low or too high it affects
A
The bonds holding the enzyme together
17
Q
If the ph is too low or too high it can also change
A
The shape of the active site and denature the enzyme
18
Q
Digestive enzymes break down
A
Molecules
19
Q
Arteries carry
A
Blood away from the heart
20
Q
The heart pumps blood at high pressure so
A
Artery walls are strong and elastic
21
Q
Artery walls have
A
Thick layers of muscle to make them strong
22
Q
Capillaries
A
Carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them
23
Q
Capillaries have
A
Gaps in their walls, so substances can diffuse in and out
24
Q
Veins also have valves these help
A
Keep the blood flowing in the right direction
25
Job of red blood cells
To carry oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body.
26
Red blood cells shape gives them a
Largs surface area for absorbing oxygen
27
Red blood cells do not have a
Nucleus
28
White blood cells are
Part of your immune system
29
Some white blood cells
Gobble up unwelcome microorganisms while others produce antibodies to defend against microorganisms
30
White blood cells have a
Nucleus
31
Why don't red blood cells have a nucleus
To leave more space for carrying oxygen
32
What are platelets
Small fragments of cell.
33
Job of platelets
Help blood to clot ( clump together) at a wound
34
What is plasma
The liquid that carries everything in the blood such as white and red blood cells, food molecules ,proteins and hormones
35
What do the coronary arteries do
Supply the heart muscles with blood
36
What is coronary heart disease
When layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries.This causes the arteries to become narrow
37
Why is coronary heart disease bad ?
Because the arteries become narrow.This reduces blood flow to the heat muscle.This means less oxygen can get to the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack
38
What are stents
Stents are tubes that are put inside coronary arteries by surgery
39
What do stents do ?
They keep the arteries open which allows blood to reach the heart muscles and reduces the risk of heart attack
40
Risks of having stents
Could have a heart attack during the operation.
Might get an infection after surgery
41
Too much cholesterol can cause
Fatty deposits to form inside arteries
42
What are statins
Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood
43
Advantages of statins
Statins reduce the risk of hert attacks,strokes and coronary heart diseases.
44
Disadvantages of statins
Statins must be taken regularly over a long period of time.
Statins can cause unwanted side affects.
The effect of statins is not instant.
45
What is heart failure
When the heart can't pump enough blood
46
What is an artifical heart
A machine that pumps blood around the body
47
Why might someone use an artifical heart
Can be used to keep a person alive or to help them recover by allowing the heart to heal / rest
48
Advantages of artificial hearts
Artifical hearts are made from plastics.Less likely to be attacked by the body's immune system
49
Disadvantages of artificial heart
Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection.
Artifical hearts don't work as well as normal ones.
Blood doesn't flow as smoothly as through a normal heart.
50
What do valves do
They help keep blood flowing in the right direction
51
Valves can be damaged by
Heart attacks, infections or old age
52
When a valve becomes damaged
The blood flows in both directions instead of just forward
53
Communicable diseases
Diseases that can spread from one person to another or between animals and people
54
Communicable diseases can be caused by
Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
55
Non communicable diseases
Cannot spread between people or between or between animals and people
56
Example of non communicable disease
Coronary heart disease
57
What is an immune system reaction
An allergic reaction caused by a pathogen such as a skin rash.Or may worsen the symptoms of asthma.
58
Other factors that can affect your health
Poor diet
Lots of stress
Life situation
59
What is a tumour
Changes in cells can lead to uncontrolled growth and division.This results in a tumour.
60
Benign tumours
Are masses of abnormal cells.They stay in one place
61
Benign tumours are usually not
Dangerous and don't cause cancer
62
A malignant tumour can
Spread to different parts of the body
63
Malignant tumours the cells can
Get into healthy tissues and form secondary tumours
64
Malignant tumours are very dangerous they can be
Fatal - they are cancers
65
Lifestyle factors that increase the chance of some cancers
Smoking
Obesity
Viral infection
UV exposure
66
Genetic factors that increase chances of getting some cancers
Genes are inherited from parents
Sometimes genes you have inherited can be faulty genes that make you more likely to get cancer
67
Why are people more likely to survive cancer now ?
Treatment have improved.
Doctors can diagnose cancer earlier.
More people are being screened ( checked for cancer )
People know more about the risk fftors of cancers
68
Plants are made of
Organs
69
Epidermal tissue
Covers whole plant
70
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Part of the leaf where photosynthesis happens
71
Spongy mesophyll tissue -
Part of the tissue that has big air soaces.Allows gas to diffuse in and out of cells
72
Xylem and phloem -
These transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the roots , stems and leaves.
73
Phloem tubes are made up of
Elongated living cells
74
What do plants make in their leaves
Food substances
75
Phloem tubes have pores ( small holes) to allow
Cell sap to flow through
76
Xylem tubes are made up of
Dead cells
77
Phloem tubes tranport food substances around the plant for immediate use or storage.What is this process called.
Translocation
78
Xylem tube carry
Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
79
Transpiration system
Movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves
80
Transpiration rate can be affected by 4 things
Air flow
Temperature
Humidity
Light intenisty
81
How does air flow affect transpiration rate ?
Faster moving air means water vapour around the leaf is swept away.Higher concentration of water inside the leaf then out .
82
How will the temperature affect transpiration
The warmer the temperature the faster transpiration happens.This is because the particles have more energy
83
How does light intensity affect transpiration
The brighter the light the greater the transpiration rate .Photosynthesis can't happen in the dark so the stomata begins to close as it gets dark.When the stomate closes very little water can escape
84
A double circulatory system is two
Circuits joined together
85
In the first circuit of a double circulatory system , thr heart
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.This blood picks up oxgen in the lungs.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart
86
In the sexond corcuit of a double ciculatory system,
The heart pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body.This delivers oxygen to body cells
87
Blood flows into the two atria from the
Vena cava and the pulmonary vein
88
The atria pump the blood into the ventricles.The ventricles pump
The blood out of thr heart
89
Blood from the right ventricle goes through the
Pulmonary artery to the lungs
90
Blood from the left ventricle goes theough the
Aorta to the rest of the body
91
When testing for proteins what solution should you use
Biuret solution
92
When testing for starch you should use
Iodine
93
When testing for sugars yiu should use
Benedict solution
94
When testing for fats you should use
Ethanol
95
Iodine
From orange to blue / black
96
Benedicts solution
From blue to red
97
Biuret solution
From blue to purple
98
Transpiration is the loss
Of water from the plant
99
How is transpiration rate affected by air flow
The more windy it is the faster transpiration happens
100
How does temperature affect the transpiration rate
The warmer it is the faster transpiration happens.Because the water particles have more energy.They evaporate and diffuse fasterout of the stomata faster
101
How does humidity affect transpiration rate
If the air is humid there's a lot of water in it already.This means there isn't much of a difference between the inside and the outisde of the leaf.This means diffusion will not happen very fast
102
How does light intensity affect transpiration rate
The brighter the light the faster transpiration happens.Photosynthesis can't happen in the dark so the stomata closes.When the stomata closes very little water can escape
