B2 Organisation

Question 1

What makes up the body?

Answer 1

cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ system

Question 2

What do teeth do?

Answer 2

break down food mechanically. Saliva contains the enzyme Amylase.

Question 3

What does the stomach do?

Answer 3

contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that chemically break down food.

Question 4

What does the liver do?

Answer 4

produced bile which is stored in the gall bladder before going to the small intestine. Bile EMULSIFIES LIPIDS to form droplets, increasing their surface area.

Question 5

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 5

secretes amylase which breaks down STARCH to GLUCOSE in the small intestine.

Question 6

What happens in the large intestine?

Answer 6

Water is absorbed into the blood stream.

Question 7

What happens in the small intestine?

Answer 7

nutrients like glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream by the Villi.

Question 8

What are enzymes?

Answer 8

Enzymes are biological catalysts that break down molecules.

Question 9

What do carbohydrases do?

Answer 9

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
e.g. amylase breaks down starch to glucose.

Question 10

what does protease do?

Answer 10

breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Question 11

what do lipases do?

Answer 11

break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 12

What is the lock and key model?

Answer 12

Enzymes are specific. Substrates bind to a specific active site.

Question 13

How is the rate of reaction of enzymes altered?

Answer 13

Activity increases with temperature until the enzyme denatures (active site changes shape). pH can also affect rate of reaction.

Question 14

What is used to identify starch?

Answer 14

Iodine (turns from orange to black).

Question 15

What is used to identify sugars?

Answer 15

Benedict’s solution (turns blue to orange).

Question 16

What is used to identify proteins?

Answer 16

Biuret’s (turns blue to purple).

Question 17

What is used to identify lipids/fats?

Answer 17

Cold Ethanol (turn clear to cloudy).

Question 18

How does the respiratory system work?

Answer 18

Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> alveoli

Question 19

How does the heart work?

Answer 19

deoxygenated blood enters through vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery (to lungs) –> oxygenated blood comes back into heart through Pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta (to body)

Question 20

what do arteries do?

Answer 20

carry blood away from the heat. They have thick walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressures.

Question 21

What do veins do?

Answer 21

Carry blood back to the heart. Thin walls and wide lumen, valves to prevent backflow.

Question 22

What are capillaries?

Answer 22

one cell think walls to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells.

Question 23

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 23

CHD is when the Coronary artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked by fatty material. It can cause heart attacks.

Question 24

What are stents?

Answer 24

Stents can be used to open up a vessel which is blocked by fatty buildup.

Question 25

What are statins?

Answer 25

Statins are drugs that help reduce cholesterol and these fatty deposits that can occur.

Question 26

What does blood carry?

Answer 26

Blood carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (help with clotting blood).

Question 27

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 27

Diseases which are caused by a pathogen and can be passed on to other people/things. E.g. Flu, cold.

Question 28

What are non-communicable dieases?

Answer 28

Non-communicable diseases comes from inside the body and cannot be passed on. E.g. cancers, CHD.

Question 29

What can increase risk of diabetes?

Answer 29

obesity and poor diet.

Question 30

What can increase risk of heart diseases?

Answer 30

diet, smoking and lack of exercise.

Question 31

What can increase risk of liver disease?

Answer 31

alcohol.

Question 32

What can increase risk of lung disease/cancer?

Answer 32

smoking.

Question 33

what is a carcinogen?

Answer 33

Anything which increases the risk of cancer. E.g. ionising radiation.

Question 34

What is cancer?

Answer 34

Damaged cells which divide uncontrollably.

Question 35

What is benign cancer?

Answer 35

Cancer which does not spread throughout the body.

Question 36

What is malignant cancer?

Answer 36

Cancer which spreads to other parts of the body.

Question 37

What organs do plants have?

Answer 37

Leaves, xylem, flower, meristem, roots and phloem.

Question 38

What are xylem cells?

Answer 38

continuous tubes that carry water and dissolved mineral ions upwards. Transpiration -Unidirectional.

Question 39

What are phloem cells?

Answer 39

Tubes of cells that carry sugars and other nutrients to where they are needed. Translocation - bidirectional.

Question 40

How can the rate of transpiration be changed?

Answer 40

increase temp, decrease humidity and increasing air movement.

Question 41

What are nitrate ions?

Answer 41

Nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis. A deficiency causes stunted growth.

Question 42

What is Chlorosis?

Answer 42

Magnesium ions. If there is a deficiency you will see yellow leaves, stunted growth due to a lack of chloroplasts.

Question 43

what makes up the structure of a leaf?

Answer 43

waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, lower epidermis, stomata, guard cells.