Aerobic respiration is the most _________ way to release energy from glucose
Efficient
Word equation for Aerobic respiration
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water (+ ENERGY)
Diffusion is …
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Cardiac output =
Heart rate TIMES stroke volume
Cardiac output is
The volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose —> lactic acid
What is EPOC
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
Photosynthesis happens inside
The chloroplasts
Equation for photosynthesis aka the most important equation in the whole of biology so learn it!
Carbon Dioxide +water —>glucose + oxygen
Leaves are adapted for efficient photosynthesis
1) Leaves are broad, so there’s a large surface area exposed to light
2) Leaves contain lots of chlorophyll in chloroplasts to absorb light
3) Leaves at full of little holes called stomata. They open and close to let carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out. They also allow water vapour to escape which is known as transpiration.
Factor affecting rate of photosynthesis
1) Light concentration
2) Carbon dioxide concentration
3) Temperature
Respiration is…
The process of breaking down glucose to release energy, which goes on in every living cell
1) Not enough light slows down the rate of photosynthesis
1) Light provides the energy needed for photosynthesis
2) As the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily - but only up to a certain point
3) Beyond that, it won’t make any difference - it’ll be either the temperature or the carbon dioxide level which is the limiting factor
2) Too little carbon dioxide also slows down the rate of photosynthesis
1) Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials needed for photosynthesis
2) As with light intensity, the concentration of carbon dioxide will only increase the rate of photosynthesis up to a point. After this the graph flattens out to show that carbon dioxide is no longer the limiting factor
3) The temperature has to be just right for photosynthesis
1) Usually, if the temperature is the limiting factor it’s because it’s too low - the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperatures
2) But if the plant gets too hot, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and its other reactions will be denatured
3) This happens at about 45*C
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate can be dissolved in water to give off
Carbon dioxide
Osmosis is
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
Root hairs take in water by
Osmosis
Root hairs take in minerals using
Active transport
Active transport
Uses energy from respiration to help the plant pull minerals into the root hair against the concentration gradient
Xylem tubes
Transport water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant
Phloem tubes
Transport sugars from the leaves to growing and storage tissues
Transpiration is
The loss of water from a plant (caused by evaporation and diffusion)
Ways to investigate distribution of organisms
1) Pooters (for ground insects)
2) Pitfall traps (also for ground insects)
3) Sweep nets (for collecting animals from long grasses)
4) Pond nets
5) Quadrats
6) Belt transect
Factors affecting growth
1) Light intensity
2) PH of soil
3) Temperature
4) Water levels
5) Water PH
How do you calculate the mean when studying distribution of organisms
Mean = Total number of organisms DIVIDED BY number of Quadrats
