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Biology additional edexcel > B2.2 Organisms and energy > Flashcards

B2.2 Organisms and energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water ( + energy)

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2
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → lactic acid ( + energy)

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

A series of reactions in all living cells where glucose is broken down to produce energy

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4
Q

What happens to the energy requirements of cells when they become more active?

A

It increases

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5
Q

What happens to the number of particles as you go down a concentration gradient?

A

It decreases

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6
Q

What process do capillaries use to move substances from the blood into and out of cells?

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow the diffusion of substances into and out of the blood

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8
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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9
Q

What happens to levels of glucose and oxygen as cells respire?

A

They decrease

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10
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs found in lung tissue

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11
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The exchange of one gas into the bloodstream for another

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12
Q

How thick are the cell walls of a capillary?

A

One cell wide

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13
Q

How thick is the cell wall of an alveolus?

A

One cell wide

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14
Q

What is a pulse?

A

A surge of blood in the arteries from a heart beat

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15
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart at each beat

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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood circulated by the heart in a given time

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17
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The amount of beats the heart makes

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18
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

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19
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that doesn’t require oxygen

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20
Q

What does broken down lactic acid produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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21
Q

What substance does lactic acid need to use in order to break down?

A

Oxygen

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22
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

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23
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Period of time after exercise where there is an increased need for oxygen for things such as lactic acid break down and cell repair

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24
Q

Why do people still have a high breathing and heart rate for a few minutes after exercise?

A

To get more oxygen for the oxygen debt (EPOC)

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25
Q

What is recovery time?

A

The time taken for the pulse rate to return to normal after exercise

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26
Q

What is starch?

A

A carbohydrate in which thousands of glucose molecules are joined together

27
Q

What is released when starch is broken down during digestion?

A

Glucose

28
Q

What process do plants use to produce glucose?

A

Photosynthesis

29
Q

What do plants store glucose as?

A

Starch

30
Q

In what part of a plant does photosynthesis occur?

A

The chloroplasts

31
Q

What substance absorbs light for photosynthesis in plants?

A

Chlorophyll

32
Q

What adaptions do leaves have in order to increase the amount of light energy they absorb?

A

The leaves are broad and flat to increase surface area

33
Q

When do stomata open?

A

In response to light

34
Q

What are stomata?

A

Microscopic pores on the undersides of leaves

35
Q

What do stomata do?

A
  • allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the plant
  • allow some water produced from respiration to evaporate from the surface
36
Q

How do the large air spaces in leaves make the cells more efficient at gas exchange?

A

It gives them a larger surface area to volume ratio

37
Q

What affects the rate at which photosynthesis takes place?

A
  • carbon dioxide levels
  • water
  • temperature
  • light levels
38
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A single factor that when in short supply can limit the rate of a process

39
Q

What is the maximum rate of a reaction controlled by?

A

The limiting factor

40
Q

What do roots do?

A
  • anchor the plant into the ground

- take up water and mineral salts from the soil

41
Q

What is the name of the specialised cells that increase the surface area of a root?

A

Root hair cells

42
Q

What form of transport does water entering root hair cells use?

A

Osmosis

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

44
Q

What is active transport?

A

The absorption of particles against a concentration gradient

45
Q

What type of cells do the veins of a plant contain?

A

Xylem and phloem cells

46
Q

What do xylem cells do?

A
  • transport water and dissolved mineral salts to tissues in the plant
  • give support to the plant
47
Q

Are xylem or phloem cells dead?

A

Xylem

48
Q

How are xylem cells specialised for their purpose?

A

They are long and die to form hollow tubes

49
Q

What do phloem cells do?

A

Transport sucrose to different parts of a plant

50
Q

Where is the main area where photosynthesis in a plant occurs?

A

The palisade layer

51
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant

52
Q

What does a potometer do?

A

Measure the rate of water uptake by a plant

53
Q

What is an organism’s environment?

A

It’s surroundings

54
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of species present within a given area

55
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An area where all the organisms form a stable relationship that doesn’t need input from outside to help them remain stable

56
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism usually lives

57
Q

What are the different sampling techniques used to find the distribution of organisms in an ecosystem?

A
  • pooters
  • sweep nets/pond nets
  • pitfall traps
  • quadrats
58
Q

How do you obtain a random sample of an area?

A

You divide the area into squares and then number them. A computer generates a random number and you use that square

59
Q

What is sampling?

A

Looking at a small portion of an area or population

60
Q

What is a pooter used to catch?

A

Small invertebrates

61
Q

How are population sizes estimated?

A

A random sample is collected and then the values are scaled up to fit the whole area

62
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Sampling where quadrats are placed along regular intervals on a line

63
Q

What can affect the distribution of different species of plants?

A
  • light intensity
  • soil
  • tempearture
  • water pH
64
Q

What is the distribution of an organism?

A

The places in which it can be found in a certain area

Biology additional edexcel (3 decks)

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