B2.3 Flashcards
cell specilization (49 cards)
What is cell specialization?
The process where unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells through differentiation.
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells with an unlimited capacity to divide and differentiate into specialized cells.
What is the role of stem cells in multicellular organisms?
Stem cells replenish dying cells and repair damaged tissue.
Where are stem cell niches located in adult humans?
Adult stem cells are found in locations like bone marrow and hair follicles.
What are the differences between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells?
- Totipotent: Can develop into any cell type or embryo
- Pluripotent: Can differentiate into all cell types but not an embryo
- Multipotent: Can differentiate into a limited range of closely related cells.
What is a zygote?
A totipotent stem cell formed by the fusion of sperm and ovum during fertilization.
What type of stem cells are found in a blastocyst?
Embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent.
What is the function of morphogens?
Gene regulating chemicals that determine specialized cell development based on their concentration.
What are some examples of specialized cells?
- Neurons
- Striated muscle cells
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What is the significance of cell size in specialization?
Different specialized cells have varying sizes that relate to their functions.
Fill in the blank: Stem cells can differentiate into _______.
[specialized cells]
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
A mathematical relationship that affects the efficiency of material exchange in cells.
True or False: As a cell grows, the surface area-to-volume ratio increases.
False.
What adaptations do erythrocytes have to increase surface area?
They are thin and flat with a biconcave shape.
What are type I pneumocytes adapted for?
Gas exchange due to their long and flat shape.
What do type II pneumocytes secrete?
Surfactant that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle cells?
They allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses between muscle cells.
What is the primary role of striated muscle?
Movement of bones.
List the three types of muscle cells.
- Cardiac muscle
- Striated muscle (skeletal)
- Smooth muscle
What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle cells?
They are branched and connected by intercalated discs.
How do adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?
Adult stem cells are usually multipotent, while embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
Fill in the blank: Hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into _______.
[all types of blood cells]
What structural feature allows neurons to transmit signals over long distances?
Their long axons.
What is the importance of the surface area of a cell?
It is responsible for the exchange of materials and heat between the cell and its environment.
