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Biology GCSE > B2a - Cells, Organs and Populations > Flashcards

B2a - Cells, Organs and Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions. Therefore, it contains enzymes.

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3
Q

Where do most chemical reactions occur in a cell?

A

The cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It holds the cells together and controls what goes in and out.

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5
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for respiration occur.

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6
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Where proteins are made in the cell.

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7
Q

What controls the activities in the cell?

A

The nucleus.

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8
Q

Where are proteins made in the cell?

A

The ribosomes.

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9
Q

Where do most reactions for respiration occur in the cell?

A

Mitochondria.

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10
Q

What three features does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?

A

Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts (sometimes).

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11
Q

What is the cell wall made of in a plant cell?

A

Cellulose.

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To support and strengthen the cell.

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13
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts.

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14
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll.

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15
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

They are where photosynthesis occurs.

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16
Q

What is yeast?

A

A single-celled microorganism.

17
Q

What features does a yeast cell have?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall.

18
Q

What features does a bacterial cell have?

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall. The genetic material floats in the cytoplasm because bacterial cells do not have nuclei.

19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

20
Q

In which substances does diffusion occur and why?

A

Solutions and gases because the particles are free to move about randomly.

21
Q

What is the relationship that links concentration and diffusion?

A

The bigger the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.

22
Q

How do dissolved substances move in and out of cells?

A

By diffusing through the cell membrane.

23
Q

What are some examples of molecules that diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, water.

24
Q

Where is a palisade cell located in the leaf?

A

The upper layer (closest to the light).

25
Q

Which cells are at the top of the leaf?

A

Palisade leaf calls.

26
Q

What do palisade cells contain lots of?

A

Chloroplasts.

27
Q

Why do palisade leaf cells have a tall shape?

A

The tall shape of a palisade cell means more surface area is available at the sides for absorbing carbon dioxide from the air in the leaf.

28
Q

Why are palisade cells thin?

A

To fit more of them in the top of the leaf.

29
Q

Why are guard cells kidney shaped?

A

To open and close the stomata in the leaf.

30
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata in a leaf?

A

When the plant has lots of water, the guard cells fill with it, which causes them to go plump and turgid. This makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.

31
Q

How do guard cells close the stomata in a leaf?

A

When the plant is short of water, the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, making the stomata close to prevent loss of water vapour.

32
Q

How are guard cells adapted to prevent water loss from the leaf?

A

They are sensitive to light so shut the stomata at night.

33
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A

They have a concave shape for a larger surface area to absorb more oxygen/pass smoothly through capillaries; they have lots of haemoglobin; they have no nucleus to fit more haemoglobin.

34
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

The pigment in red blood cells that absorbs oxygen.

35
Q

How is an egg cell specialised for reproduction?

A

It has huge energy reserves to support the embryo; when the sperm fuses with the egg, the egg’s membrane changes structure to prevent more sperm getting in and giving the embryo excess DNA.

36
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised for reproduction?

A

The long tail and streamlined head allows it to get to the egg; it contains lots of mitochondria for energy; it has enzymes in its head that allows it to digest through the egg cell membrane.

37
Q

Why do sperm cells have enzymes in their heads?

A

To digest through the egg cell membrane.

38
Q

What are large multicellular organisms made up of?

A

Organ systems.

39
Q

What is the process by which cells become specialised called?

A

Differentiation.

Biology GCSE (2 decks)

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