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11001 > B2W8 > Flashcards

B2W8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Checkpoint after metaphase

A

Determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

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2
Q

Example of mutated receptors

A

EGFR: lung

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3
Q

Steps of angiogenesis

(4)

A
  1. Secretion of angiogenic factors
  2. Proteolytic destruction of ECM
  3. Endothelial cell proliferation and migration
  4. Intravasation
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4
Q

How does glioblastoma work?

A

There are alterations in platlet-derived growth factor (PDGF): Cells co-express PDGF and the receptors leading to over-signalling.

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5
Q

Cancer cells are able to grow (a)

A

(a) Independently

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6
Q

Examples of over-expressed receptors

A

EGFR: stomach, brain, breast
HER2: stomach, lung, breast

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7
Q

What happens when receptors are over-expressed?

A

It allows the cells to be hyper-responsive to normal levels of the growth factor

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8
Q

Checkpoint during duplication of cell contents

A

Cell determines whether to proliferate or not based on external signals

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9
Q

Mechanism route of p53

A

DNA damage identified -> Halt the cell cycle -> Activates DNA repair proteins -> Initiates apoptosis if damage cannot be repaired

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10
Q

Checkpoint during double checking of chromosomes

A

Decides whether to go on with the cell cycle depending on whether the chromosome has been duplicated successfully

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11
Q

Cancerous cell signalling

A

Autocrine signalling

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12
Q

How does autocrine signalling work?

A

The ligands which bind to receptors are produced in the cancer cells and used in signalling. There is normal expression of receptors but uncontrolled signalling due to the increase in ligands.

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13
Q

The most common mutation in cancer

A

Loss of p53

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14
Q

Invasion definition

A

Go beyond the tumour margin

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15
Q

How do cancer cells become self-sufficient?

(3)

A
  • Autocrine signalling
  • Overexpression of receptors
  • Direct mutation of receptor
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16
Q

Normal cells need (a) to proliferate

A

(a) Growth signals

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17
Q

Growth signals

(3)

A
  • Growth factors
  • Components of the extracellular matrix
  • Cell-cell adhesion
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18
Q

Example of autocrine signalling

A

Glioblastoma

Most common form of malignant brain tumour

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19
Q

Normal type of cell signalling

A

Heterotypic signalling

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20
Q

What happens to angiogenesis in cancer cells

A

It is hijacked and unregulated to support tumour growth

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21
Q

What happens in cancer cells when there is insensitivity to anti-growth signals?

A

Checkpoints in the cell cycle are ignored via mutations in the Rb protein

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22
Q

Initiated cell - (a) -> (b)

A

(a) Promotion (b) Preneoplastic cell

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23
Q

Neoplastic cell - (a) -> (b)

A

(a) Metastasis (b) Malignant tumour

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24
Q

How are cancer cells initiated?

A

By chemicals, radiation and virus

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25
Checkpoint during duplication of chromosomes
Looks for DNA damage and tries to repair before moving on
26
Hallmarks of cancer | (6)
* Self-sufficiency in growth signals * Insensitivity to anti-growth signals * Tissue invasion and metastasis * Limitless replicative potential * Sustained angiogenesis * Evading apoptosis
27
After dividing 60 times, cells undergo...
Senescence
28
Anti-growth signals are sensed by?
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
29
Preneoplastic cell - (a) -> (b)
(a) Progression (b) Neoplastic cell
30
Metastasis definition
Escape the primary site and colonise a secondary site
31
How do cancer cells evade apoptosis?
p53
32
Where are the checkpoints of anti-growth signals? | (4)
* After metaphase * During cell content replication * During duplication of chromosomes * During double-check of the duplicated chromosomes
33
What causes limitless replicative potential?
Abnormal telomere maintanence
34
p53 is a (a) described as the (b)
(a) Tumour suppressor (b) Guardian of the genome
35
What happens when cancer cells evade apoptosis?
Cell division > Cell death
36
What is responsible for tissue invasion and metastasis?
Loss of cell adhesion molecules
37
How are amino acids bound to their cognate tRNA?
* Amino acid activated by the addition of ATP (AMP complex) * Binding of activated amino acid to its RNA is catalysed by a specific tRNA synthetase
38
Steps of translation in the synthesis of proteins
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
39
Definition of a gene
A section of the DNA that codes for a protein
40
Definition of the human genome
All of the DNA in a cell of a human
41
First step of initiation (translation)
* Small ribosomal subunit complexes with initiation factors * Base pairing occurs between the small ribosomal subunit and a special sequence on the mRNA
42
Second step of initiation
* Start codon (AUG) of mRNA is positioned in the ribosomal P site * Initiator tRNA joins
43
Third step of initiation
* Large subunit joins * GTP is hydrolysed * Initiation factors leave the ribosome
44
In the elongation cycle, the ribosome is a...
Ribozyme
45
The elongation cycle requires...
elongation factors
46
Sites of the ribosome
APE
47
A site | full name
Aminoacyl acceptor site
48
P site | full name
Peptidyl site
49
E site | full name
Exit site
50
Example of elongation factor
EFTu catalyzes the delivery of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome
51
Start codon
AUG
52
Stop codon
UAA/UGA/UAG
53
Step 1 of termination
Synthesis continues until a stop codon is reached
54
Step 2 of termination
A special release factor binds in the A site
55
Step 3 of termination
* Polypeptide in the P site is hydrolysed by 2 GTP from its tRNA * Polypeptide leaves via the exit tunnel * tRNA exits the ribosome
56
What is post-translational modification?
The enzymatic modification of a protein after its translation
57
Common types of PTM
1. Lipidation 2. Phosphorylation 3. Glycosylation 4. Acetylation
58
Genome -> (a) -> (b)
(a) Transcriptome (b) Proteome
59
PTM plays a key role in the (a), (b) and (c) of proteins with other cellular molecules
(a) activity (b) localisation (c) interaction
60
The proteome is (a) and changes in response to (b), PTMs are important in (c)
(a) dynamic (b) stimuli (c) regulating cellular activity
61
(a) adds phosphates and (b) removes/hydrolyzes it
(a) Kinases (b) Phosphatases
62
Phosphorylation is critical in regulation of many cellular processes including... | (4)
* Cell cycle * Cell growth * Apoptosis * Signal transduction pathways
63
Glycosylation has significant effects on... | (5)
* Folding * Conformation * Distribution * Stability * Activity
64
When can PTM occur?
At any step in the life cycle of a protein
65
Example of antibiotics which inhibit initiation
Streptomycin
66
Example of antibiotic which prevent large subunit binding
Linezolid
67
Example of antibiotics which prevent tRNA from binding to the A site
Tetracycline
68
Example of antibiotics that inhibit peptide bond formation
Chloramphenicol
69
Example of antibiotics that block the exit tunnel
Erythromycin
70
Streptomycin mechanism of action
Inhibition of initiation
71
Linezolid mechanism of action
Prevention of large subunit binding
72
Tetracycline mechanism of action
Prevention of tRNA binding to the A site
73
Chloramphenicol mechanism of action
Inhibition of peptide bond formation
74
Erythromycin mechanism of action
Blocking the exit tunnel of the ribosome
75
Genetics definition
The study of genes and how they are inherited
76
Genomics definition
The study of the genomics of individuals and organisms that examines both the coding and non-coding regions
77
Pharmacogenetics
The impact of a single gene on the interactions between one specific medicine or a group of medicines and the body
78
Pharmacogenomics definition
The study of how a patient's genome can influence how they respond to medicines
79
How many differences are there in DNA between people
3 million (0.1%)
80
Polymorphism contributes to (a)
Biological and visual differences

11001 (8 decks)

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