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IBI Test 2 > B3-088 - Fungi > Flashcards

B3-088 - Fungi Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Germ Tube

A

tube-like outgrowth that is beginning of a hypha

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2
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

chain of cells produced when buds fail to disassociate; constricted at septa (sausage like)

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3
Q

Hypha

A

long, branching, filament-like structure that fungi use for vegetative growth

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4
Q

Arthroconidia

A

fungal spores produced by segmentation/breakup of hyphae; usually barrel-shaped or rectangle

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5
Q

Four methods to diagnose Mycoses

A

Direct microscopic examination of specimens
Culture
Serology
Direct Molecular detection

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6
Q

Three genera of superficial fungal infections

A

Microsporum - macro- and microconidia
Trichophyton - microconidia
Epidermiphyton - macrocondia

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7
Q

Tinea group

A

aka ringworm (no worms involved)

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8
Q

Tinea barbae

A

beard areas of face and neck

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9
Q

Tinea capitis

A

scalp and hair shaft

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10
Q

Tinia corporis

A

skin on body - usually trunk

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11
Q

Tinia cruris

A

groin, perineum (between pp and booty), perianal

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12
Q

Tinea manuum

A

hands

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13
Q

Tinea pedis

A

foot

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14
Q

Tinea unguium

A

nails

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15
Q

Dermatophyte Transmission

A

Person-to-person
Gym, locker rooms
animal to person
soil to person
Touching something infected
HIGHLY CONTAGEOUS

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16
Q

Dermatophyte Symptoms

A

Itchy, red, raised, scaly patches
Blistering, oozing
Ring appearance, more red outside then center
May impact skin pigmentation
Scalp/beard: bald patches
Nails: discolored, thick, crumbling

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17
Q

Dermatophyte diagnosis

A

Based on appearance of skin
KOH test
Culture
Wood’s light

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18
Q

KOH Test

A

Skin scraping are dissolved in KOH and examined under microscope - KOH dissolves the keratin material so the fungi can be seen clearer

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19
Q

Wood’s light

A

UV light
Helps diagnose tines wapitis since hair fluoresces when infected with fungus

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20
Q

Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses

A

Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)

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21
Q

Mucormycosis organisms

A

Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Lichtheimia (Absidia)
Often called “Zygomycetes” but correct term is “Mucorales”

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22
Q

Where is Mucormycosis found

A

ubiquitous in the environment
found in soil and decomposing matter (bread molds)
Clinical correlation necessary (pathogen or contaminant)

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23
Q

Mucormycosis Transmission

A

Inhalation of spores
Cutaneous or Subcutaneous inoculation
Ingestion causing GI disease

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24
Q

Mucormycosis Risk factors

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Chemotherapy
Transplantation
Injection drug use

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25
Mucormycosis Clinical complications
Pulmonary Rhinocerebral (nose to brain) Cutaneous Disseminated VERY high mortality
26
Mucormycosis Diagnosis
Culture Direct exam Histopathology
27
Mucormycosis Hyphae
Large, wide, ribbon-like, pauciseptate branching hyphae
28
Mucormycosis colonies
Wooly, rapid growing, LID LIFTERS
29
Aspergillosis organisms
A. fumigatus: most common (90-95%) A. niger: aspergilloma A. flavus: produces disease in leukemic patients
30
Where is Aspergillosis found
Ubiquitous in the environment Commercial uses: used to ferment rice to make sake
31
Aspergillosis transmission
inhalation, traumatic implantation
32
Aspergillosis risk factors
Neutropenia, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs
33
Aspergillosis Mycology
septet hyphae, acute angle branching Grows rapidly
34
Aspergillosis Risk factors
CF Asthma Severely immunocompromized
35
Aspergillosis diagnosis
Main: Culture, Histopathology Serologic test for antibody, galactomannan detection, molecular tests
36
Candidiasis organisms
C. albicans C. glabrata C. parapsilosis C. tropicalis C. krusei
37
Where is Candidiasis found
Ubiquitous in the environment Normal flora of skin, GI, GU, oropharyngeal
38
Candidiasis Transmission
Normally endogenous in origin Breakdown of mucosal membranes
39
Candidiasis Risk factors
Neutropenia, AIDS, abdominal surgery, prolonged use of Abx, immunosuppressive therapy, IV catheters, prosthetic devices, long ICU stays, renal failure
40
Candidiasis Mycology
Budding yeast, pseudohyphae, hyphae
41
Candidiasis Culture
White - buff, pasty Rapid growth (1-4 d) Produces some feet
42
Candidiasis Germ Tube
C. albicans produces GT within 2-3 of incubation in serum
43
Candidiasis Trehalose
C. glabrata rapidly assimilates trehalose (RAT test)
44
Candidiasis Clinical disease
Any organ system can be involved Common cause of the "itis'es" Candidimia - in bloodstream
45
Candidiasis specimens for culture
Yes: blood, bone, brain, CSF, eye No: stool Maybe: skin, mucous membrane, urine, vaginal, respiratory
46
Candidiasis Identification
Germ tube test, RAT, biochemical utilization Chromogenic media Sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS
47
Cryptococcosis organisms
C. neoformans C. gattii
48
Cryptococcosis Ecology
C. neoformans: pigeon excreta, old buildings, barns, roosts/nests, demo sites C. gattii: subtropical, associated with eucalyptus trees, emerging in PacNW
49
Cryptococcosis Transmission
Inhalation Hematogenous dissemination to blood, CNS, BM, skin, bone, others
50
Cryptococcosis risk factors
HIV, sarcoid, DMT1, transplant, corticosteroid, lymphoproliferative malignancies
51
Cryptococcosis mycology
Roung, budding yeast, polysaccharide capsule (India ink)
52
Cryptococcosis culture
Rapid growth Cream/yellow/tan
53
India ink test
Cryptococcosis detection. Less sensitive than antigen Indian ink is excluded by capsule
54
Cryptococcosis clinical disease
Many - asymptomatic / subclinical Meningoencephalitis Skin lesions
55
Cryptococcosis diagnosis
Antigen detection - lateral flow / latex agglutination Culture Histology Molecular
56
Pneumocystis organism
Pneumocystis jiroveci Former parasite and susceptible to anti-parasitic agents
57
Pneumocystis jiroveci lacks ____ making it resistant to _____
Ergosterol in cell membrane; Amphotericin B
58
Pneumocystis jiroveci is found
Unknown environmental niche. Not culturable in lab Commensal in respiratory tract
59
Pneumocystis transmission
inhalation
60
Pneumocystis risk factors
Immunocompromised (AIDS-defining illness)
61
Pneumocystis clinical disease
PJP: Pneumocystis pneumonia Alveoli filled with foamy exudate; impairs gas exchange
62
Pneumocystis diagnosis
Respiratory specimens Direct exam - cysts Histopathology: H&E (foamy), GMS (brown colonies) Molecular: colonization vs true pathogen?
63
Dimorphic mycoses
Thermally dimorphic Mold in the cold (environment) Yeast in the beast (body)
64
Dimorphic organisms
Blastomyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidiodes immitis/posadasii Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Talaromyces marneffei Sporothrix schenckii
65
Dimorphic mycoses are geographically _____
restricted
66
Dimorphic mycoses transmission
Inhalation of conidia (mold form)
67
Blastomycosis Ecology
Ohio and Mississippi River valley (Midwest, south-central, SE USA) Moist soil, decomposing leaf/wood matter, lakes and ponds
68
Blastomycosis transmission
Inhalation of fungal spores Dissemination to skin, soft tissue, bone, GU, CNS
69
Blastomycosis risk factors
Immunocompromised
70
Blastomycosis clinical features
Asymptomatic Acute - chronic pneumonia - ARDS Cutaneous lesions CNS, bone
71
Histoplasmosis ecology
Worldwide US: Ohio and MS river valley Bat guano, bird droppings
72
Histoplasmosis Transmission
Inhalation of microconidia
73
Histoplasmosis risk factors
Immunosuppressed (HIV, cancer, transplant, DM) Infants, elderly
74
Histoplasmosis clinical features
Asymptomatic (90-95%)\ Acute pulmonary Disseminated disease - CNS, skin, GI Reactivation/reinfection possible
75
Histoplasmosis typically grows in ____
12-15 days
76
Coccidioidomycosis organisms
C. immitis C. posadasii
77
Coccidioidomycosis Ecology
C. immitis: CA San Joaquin valley C. posadasii: SW USA (AZ, UT, NM, TX), MX, Central and South America
78
Coccidioidomycosis transmission
Inhalation of fungal spores
79
Coccidioidomycosis risk factors
African American, Filipino, pregnant women, immunosuppressed (HIV, cancer, transplant, DM)
80
Coccidioidomycosis Mycology
Rapid growth (3-5 days) "Barrel shaped" arthroconidia
81
In tissue, Coccidioidomycosis produces ______
spherule
82
The infections portion of Coccidioidomycosis are called _____ and are easily aerosolized
Arthroconidia
83
Coccidioidomycosis clinical features
60% asymptomatic ~40% CAP (+/- rash) - Valley Fever
84
Sporotrichosis organisms
Sporothrix schenckii
85
Sporotrichosis ecology
Soil, decaying vegetation, rose bushes, thorns, sphagnum moss
86
Sporotrichosis transmission
Tramatic implantation - gardening Aerosolization - pulmonary infection
87
Sporotrichosis mycology
Mold - clusters of conidia (rosettes)
88
Sporotrichosis clinical disease
Rose Gardener's disease Cutaneous - primary lesson forms within days to weeks Pulmonary - mimics TB Disseminated - systemic symptoms, meningitis
89
Paracoccidioidomycosis organisms
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
90
Paracoccidioidomycosis transmission
Inhalation of conidia
91
Paracoccidioidomycosis risk factors
Occupational exposure (male, ag work)
92
Paracoccidioidomycosis culture
Yeast - mariners wheel
93
Talatomycosis organisms
Talaromyces (penicillium) marneffei
94
Talatomycosis ecology
Southeast Asia (Thialand, Malasia), China, eastern India Associated with bamboo rat
95
Talatomycosis transmission
Inhalation of conidia
96
Talatomycosis Risk factors
immunocomp (AIDS defining illness)
97
Talatomycosis Culture
Diffusible red pigment Paintbrush-like colonies
98
Histoplasma Capsulatum Buzzwords
Bird or bat droppings Caves, construction sites Yeast in macrophages Tuberculate macroconidia
99
Blastomyces dermatitidis buzzwords
Wooded areas, often near water camping Broad based budding Microconidia only (lollipopP
100
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Buzzwords
South America Agricultural work Mariners wheel yeast
101
Talaromyces marneffei Buzzwords
SE Asia Bamboo rat yeast divide by fission (pill like) Diffusible red pigment
102
Sporothrix schenckii buzzwords
Rose gardening, sphagnum moss Lymphatic spread Cigar shaped yeast Rosette-like mold
103
Coccidioides immitis/posadasii
San Joaquin Valley, SW 4 high risk groups Spherules Arthroconidia
104
Fungal Cultures
Hold for 4 weeks Take a while to grow
105
Blood cultures
Routine don't grow most fungal Fungal blood cultures grown Histoplasmas
106
Serology
Quicker than culture Antigen detection Antibody detection Sensitivity is dependent on organism Specificity is generally good
107
High antigen gross reactivity between ____ and _____
Histoplasma and Blastomyces

IBI Test 2 (5 decks)

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