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Science 2024 > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

Four main types of tissue in animals

A

Epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous

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2
Q

Different types of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous epithelial tissue
Columnar epithelial tissue
Endothelium tissue

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3
Q

What is squamous epithelial tissue

A

Lining tissue that is one cell thick
Made from specialise squamous epithelial cells
These cells form a thin,smooth flat layer which makes them ideal for rapid discussion necessary

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4
Q

Where do u find squamous epithelial tissue

A

Alveoli in the lungs which provide a short diffusion pathway to allow rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide in the lungs

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5
Q

How can epithelium cells can be damaged

A

By smoking as it causes irritation and inflammationand scarring in the epithelium tissue of lungs

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6
Q

What happens the to the alveoli walls when smoking

A

Becomes thicker due to scarring and produces more mucus
The damage to the air sac causes emphysema and the lungs to lose their natural elasticity

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of the epitjelium cells being damaged by smoking

A

Breathlessness
Persistent coughing
Phlegm

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8
Q

Features of ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

A

Made up of column-shaped ciciliated cells with hair like structures called cicilia covering the exposed cell surface

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9
Q

Where do ciciliated epithelium line

A

The trachea in the repository system to protect lungs from infection

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10
Q

How ciciliated epithelium protect lungs from infection

A

Sweeping away any pathogens from lungs
Goblet cells are column shaped and are present in the respiratory tract
They aecrete mucus to help trap unwanted particles that are present
This protects lungs as it prevents bacteria reaching the alveoli

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11
Q

What does endothelial consist of

A

A layer of flattened cells one layer thick

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12
Q

Where is endothelial tissue found

A

Lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Why do endothelial tissues provide a short diffusion pathway

A

Products of digestion into blood capillaries
And blood plasma and tissue fluid in and out of blood capillaries

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14
Q

Lumen meaning

A

The space inside a structure

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15
Q

Artery meaning

A

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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16
Q

Risk factors that can cause damage to the endothelium

A

Carbon monoxide and Hugh blood pressure can damage the inner lining of arteries

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17
Q

What repairs the damage to endothelium

A

White blood cells repair the damage and encourage the growth of smooth muscle and deposition of fatty substances such as cholesterol under the endothelium lining of arteries not surface. Which this process ic aller atherosclerosis

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18
Q

What can these deposits called atheromas do? The fatty substances

A

Build up enough to break down through the inner endothelial longing of artery and eventually forming plaque in lumen of artery which reduces the size of lumen and restricts blood flow

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19
Q

Structure of muscle fibres

A

Made of cells that are elongated and form fibres they contain filaments called actin and myosin that enables muscles to contract and cause movement

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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21
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Found attached to bones and you can control its contraction and relaxation plus sometimes contracts in responses to reflexes

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22
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found only in heart it contracts at a steady rate to make the heartbeat it is not under voluntary control

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23
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in walls of hallow organs, such as the stomach and bladder. It is also not under voluntary control

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24
Q

Muscle tissue needs to be able to do what

A

Contract and shorten in length to move bones. In a muscle, calls join up to make muscle fibres

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25
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Long strands of cell sharing nuclei and cytoplasm

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26
Q

What is inside the muscle cells cytoplasm

A

Let’s of mitochondria, specialised endoplasmic reticulum known as sarcoplasmic reticulumand a number of microfibils

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27
Q

What is each muscle fibre surrounded with

A

A cell surface membrane called sarcolemma

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28
Q

What is inside skeletal muscle

A

Made up of thousands of muscle fibres and each muscle fibre is made up of myofibrils

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29
Q

What are myofibrils made of

A

Proteins called myofilamentw which enables contraction to take place because of the contractile nature of the proteins in the filament
A band are dark and I bands are light

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30
Q

Sarcomere

A

The span of one z line to the other

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31
Q

What happens to the bands in the sarcomere when the muscle contracts

A

The length of the sarcomere reduces when the muscle contracts because the I band and h zone lengths are reduced. The a band does not change in the length of contraction

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32
Q

What ate the two protein filaments found in muscle cells

A

Actin and thick filaments of myosin

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33
Q

What happens to actin and myosin during muscle contraction

A

The thin actin filaments move and overlap the thick myosin filaments and the sarcomere shortens which decreass the overall size of the muscle

34
Q

What are the two type of muscle fibres

A

Slow twitch muscle fibres and fast twitch muscle fibres

35
Q

What do slow teich fibres do

A

Are more effective at using oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP for continuous and extended muscle contractions over a long time

36
Q

What are slow twitch fibres good for

A

Help marathon runners and endurance cyclists for hours

37
Q

What do slow twitch fibres have

A

Less sarcoplasmic reticulum
More mitochondria for sustained contraction
More myoglobin
A dense capillary network
These fibres release ATP slowly by aerobic respiration

38
Q

What do fast twitch oxidative muscle fibres contain

A

They are similiar in structure to slow twitch fibres
But contain mitochondria, myoglobin and blood capillaries but they are able to hydrolysed ATP much more quickly and therefore contract quickly.
They are relatively resistant to fatigue

39
Q

What do fast twitch glycolysis fibres contain

A

They have relatively less myoglobin, few mitochondria and few capillaries. They contain a large concentration of glycogen that provide fuel for anaerobic respiration but contract rapidly and also fatigue easily

40
Q

What do fast twitch glycolysis fibres contain

A

They have relatively less myoglobin, few mitochondria and few capillaries. They contain a large concentration of glycogen that provide fuel for anaerobic respiration but contract rapidly and also fatigue easily

41
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate that is an enzyme that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

42
Q

Hydrolyse

A

A chemical reaction involving breaking down a compound with water

43
Q

Glycogen

A

Many glucose molecules bonded together and stored in the liver and muscles

44
Q

Dendrons

A

Extension of a nerve cell

45
Q

What is the ventral nervous system made up of

A

Spinal cord and brain

46
Q

What is nervous central system made up of

A

Billions of non-myelinated nerve cells and longer myelinated axons with myleine sheath and dendrons that carry nerve impulses

47
Q

What are neurons

A

Cells that receive and facilitate nerve impulses or action potential across their membrane and pass them onto the next neuron

48
Q

What do neurons consist of

A

Large cell body called soma with small projections called dendrites and an axon
At the end of the axon is the axon terminal which is separated from he dendrites of the following neuron by a small gap called a synapse

49
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Travels along neurons I the form of electrical signals called nerve impulses that are known as an action potential

50
Q

Action potential

A

A change in the ion balance in the nerve cell which spreads rapidly from one end of the neuron to another
Neurons are bundled together to form nerves and nerves form a network around the body. When action potential travels to the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors continuing the nerve impulses in the next neuron

51
Q

What happens when sensory neurones receive information from receptors

A

Take this information to CNS and friends the brain processes the information, then the motor neurone takes the info from the brain to the effector

52
Q

Resting potential

A

Neuron is not transmitting an action potential as it is at rest

53
Q

Why does the neuron transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane

A

To keep a negative potential in the interior of the cell compared to the outsid3

54
Q

Is the membrane more permeable to potassium or sodium and what does this process require

A

Potassium so every 3 sodium ions that cross the membrane only two potassium ions are actively transported
Lots of energy in the form ATP

55
Q

What do some neurons have on the outside

A

An axon covered with a fatty sheath called myelin

56
Q

What is myelin made from

A

Specialised cells called Schwann cells that wrap around the axon when they develop and embryo

57
Q

What are the features of Schwann cellw

A

Thick and form a lipid insulating layer around the neuron called myelin sheath
This insulates the axon and makes action potential travel faster

58
Q

When does saltatory conduction happen

A

Happens only in myelinayed nerves and it greatly increases the speed of action potential

59
Q

The myelin sheath is insulating the axon which means ion exchange can only happen when

A

At the nodes of ranvier

60
Q

Nodds of ranvier

A

The gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve cell, between Schwann cells

61
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Process of signal jumping
When the action potential reaches a node of ranvier sodium ions diffuses into the axon membrane, they then diffuse along the neurone sideways to the next node. The impulse continues to jump from one node of ranvier to another making the action potential quicker

62
Q

The speed of action potential depends on what

A

Axon diameter- the larger the axon, the faster the conduction
Myelination of neuron- the nerve impulses travels faster if the neuron is myelinated
Number of synapses involved- the fewer synapses there are to cross, the faster the communication

63
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between the end of a neuron to the next neuron or the effector cell

64
Q

How does the nerve impulses cross the synapse

A

Int he form of a neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and initiate an action potential in the Neuron at the other side

65
Q

What happens to the presynaptic neurone after the neurotransmitters have just passed on the electrical impulse

A

Ends in a swrllingcalled the synaptic bulb and it contains many mitochondria as ATP is needed

66
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters stored

A

Temporary vesicles in the synaptic bulb that can fuse with the surface to release the neurotransmitters into the synapse. They also contain voltage-gated calcium ions channels

67
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitters and what are they called if synapses have this as their transmitter

A

Acetylcholine and are called cholinergic synapses

68
Q

Electroencephalograph test

A

Looks at the activity of brain cells

69
Q

How does the electroencephalograph (EGG) test work

A

When the brain is working nerve impulses travel from one cell to another. These cells produce electrical signals that can be picked up by detectors attached to a person’s skull. The detector send the signals that they detect to a recorder.

70
Q

What does the detector from the recorded of the (EGG) test do

A

Recorded produces a graphical trace which can be interpreted to see whether there is any abnormal activity, which may suggest that an epileptic seizure has occurred

71
Q

What does the electrocardiogram (ECG) detect

A

Electrical signals in the heart which can show whether the heart is working properly

72
Q

Step 1 of chemical transmission across the synapse

A

Action potential arrives at the synaptic bulb

73
Q

Step 2 of the chemical transmission across the membrane

A

Calcium channels open in the presynaptic membrane. Calcium ions diffuse intot he neuron membrane down a concentration gradient

74
Q

Step 3 of chemical transmission across the synapse

A

As the calcium concentration increases, the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitters mive towards the presynaptic membrane

75
Q

Step 4 of chemical transmission across the synapse

A

The vesicles fuse with the membrane and releases the chemicals into the synaptic cleft

76
Q

Step 5 of the chemical transmissions across the synapse

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft. This is known as synaptic delay because its slower than an electrical signal travels

77
Q

Step 6 of the chemical transmission across the synapse

A

The neurotransmitters binds to the potsynaptic cell membrane receptor sites on the sodium channels

78
Q

Step 7 of the chemical transmission across the synapse

A

Neurotransmitters open sodium channels in the membrane, causing sodium ions to pass in. This creates a excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and makes the membranereceptive to the signals coming in. If this reaches the threshold, the action potential is generated

79
Q

Step 8 of the chemical transmission across the synapse

A

The neurotransmitters will excite the cell and once it has acted on the membrane, enzymes act on the neurotransmitters to break them down. The breakdown products diffuse back across the synapse and re-enter the presynaptic cel. These are then reassembled back into the neurotransmitters using ATP

80
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

Genetic disease that affects the nervous system. People who have this disease are not able to produce the naturally occurring chemical dopamine, a neurotransmitters that helps smooth and normal movements

81
Q

People with parkinsonism disease show symptoms of

A

Slow movement
Tremors when moving
Speech problems
Poor balance

82
Q

A drug that helps parkinsons disease

A

Drug L-dopa asit replaces the dopamine that is lost in people with this disease

Science 2024 (8 decks)

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