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B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that enters the body and causes disease

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2
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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3
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They produced rapidly inside cells and the cell will burst releasing all the new viruses into the rest of your body

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4
Q

What in viruses make you feel ill?

A

The cell damage they cause

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5
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

Through water air and direct contact

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6
Q

What are the three viral diseases needed to know?

A

Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

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7
Q

What is measles?

A

A red skin rash that also has signs of a fever

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8
Q

How do people prevent themselves from getting measles?

A

The measles vaccine when they are young

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9
Q

What is HIV?

A

If virus spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

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10
Q

What does HIV do to the body?

A

Attacks immune cells

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11
Q

What is TMV?

A

A virus that occurs in plants and leaves plants discoloured

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12
Q

What does the discolouration in plants mean for them?

A

They can no longer carry out photosynthesis as well, so it affects the growth of the plant

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13
Q

What fungal disease is needed to be known?

A

Rose black spot

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14
Q

What is Rose black spot?

A

Black spots appear on plants and the leaves will turn yellow and drop off

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15
Q

How does rose black spot affect the plant?

A

Photosynthesis can no longer occur as much so the plant doesn’t grow very well

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16
Q

How is Rose black spot spread?

A

Through the environment in the wind and the water

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17
Q

What is the disease caused by a protest that is needed to be known?

A

Malaria

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18
Q

What is malaria?

A

The disease that causes repeating episodes of fever

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19
Q

How do human/animals contract malaria?

A

Is carried through a mosquito and the mosquito feeds on another animal and infecting it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessels

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20
Q

How can the spread of malaria be stopped?

A

Mosquito nets and the stopping of mosquitoes breedimg

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21
Q

What bacterial diseases are needed to be known?

A

Salmonella and gonorrhoea

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22
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea

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24
Q

How is the spread of salmonella controlled?

A

Chickens are given a vaccination against salmonella

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25
What is gonorrhoea?
Sexual transmitted disease that are passed on by sexual contact
26
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Pain when they urinate and yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
27
How can the spread of gonorrhoea be treated?
By using methods of contraception such as condoms or treated with antibiotics
28
How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?
Being hygienic destroying vectors isolating infected individuals vaccination
29
how does the skin work in the defence system?
acts as a barrier to pathogens, scaps over, dead out layer
30
how does the nose work in the defence system?
hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
31
how do the eyes work in the defence systenm?
produces tears that are antiseptic and contains enzymes to kill bacteria
32
how does the breathing system work in the defence system?
trachea and bronchi produce mucus to trap pathogens, they are also lined with cilia that carries the mucus back up in order to be swallowed
33
how does the stomach work in the defence system?
produces hydrochloric acid, this kills pathogens in food and in swallowed mucus
34
what is phagocytosis?
when white blood cells engulf pathogens and digest them
35
how does the structure of white blood cells help with phagocytosis?
they are able to change shape
36
what are antigens?
an unique molecule on the surface of an invading pathogen
37
how do white blood cells fight against antigens?
they rapidly produce antibodies that lock onto specific antigens and destroy them
37
why do white blood cells produce anti toxins?
they counteract toxins that are produced by bacteria
38
what does a vaccination involve?
introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
39
why are vaccinations helpful?
if the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection
40
what cells are produced to help with the vaccination process?
memory cells help with a more rapid response for when a pathogen re enters the body
41
name an antibiotic
penicillin, this is made out of a penicillium mould, this was discovered by Alexander Fleming
42
what are antibiotics?
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
43
what is important about the use of antibiotics?
It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.
44
what is good about the use of antibiotics?
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
45
How are viral pathogens treated.
Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens. Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens.
47
Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?
Most drugs damage the body’s tissues when attempting to kill the virus
48
Where are drugs traditionally extracted from?
Plants and microorganisms
49
Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?
Foxgloves
50
Where does the painkiller aspirin originate from?
Willow
51
What are new drugs tested for?
Toxicity, efficacy and dose
52
What is the first step of creating a new drug?
Preclinical testing in laboratories using cells, tissue and animals
53
Who do clinical trails use to test the drug?
Healthy volunteers and patients
54
How do clinical trails work?
Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial. If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
55
What is double blind trail?
Where neither the patient or the doctor know who is receiving the real drug or the placebo
56
When can testing and trails be published?
After scrutiny by peer review
57
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
From a single clone of cells
58
How do monoclonal antibodies work?
The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body
59
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
They are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody. The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody. Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
60
What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Diagnosis: pregnancy test In Laboratories To treat diseases: cancer
61
Why are monoclonal antibodies used in labs?
To measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens.
62
How can monoclonal antibodies help to treat cancer?
the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
63
What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Specific to a particular antigens Very accurate Quick results Can diagnose and help treat disease
64
What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Side effects, including fever, low blood pressure and vomiting meaning they aren’t used as much as scientists originally intended
65
How do you monoclonal antibodies work in pregnancy tests?
The pregnancy tests stick contains monoclonal antibodies that are specific to HCG found in pregnant women’s urine.
66
How do monoclonal antibodies act in the result of a positive pregnancy test?
HCG in urine binds to the monoclonal antibodies that are attached to blue bead and they diffuse up the dipstick forming a blue line
67
what are the three types of plant defences?
Physical mechanical and chemical
68
What are the physical plant defences?
Cellulose in cell walls bark on trees (layer of dead cells) a tough waxy cuticle layer on leaves
69
What are the mechanical plant defences?
Thorns and hairs leaf responses (those that drop/curl when dropped) Mimicry to trick animals
70
What are the chemical plant defences?
Antibacterial chemicals poison to deter herbivores
71
What are the symptoms of plant disease?
Stunted growth spots on leaves area of decay (rot) malformed stems discolouration presence of pests
72
How can identification of the symptoms be made?
Use gardening websites taking infected leaves to a laboratory using testing kits that contain a monoclonal antibodies
73
What are the causes of plant disease?
Nutrient deficiencies insects (aphids) viral, bacteria or fungal pathogens
74
What happens when there is a deficiency of magnesium with in plants?
Chlorosis
75
Why is magnesium needed in plants?
They are needed to made chlorophyll
76
What happens if there is a nitrate deficiency in plants?
Stunded growth
77
Why is nitrate needed in plants?
They are needed in protein synthesis
78
How do aphids cause damage to plants?
The extracts sap from the plant phloem weakening the plant and they are also vectors who can transfer pathogens
79
How can we reduce the number of aphids?
Chemical pesticides Biological pest control:ladybirds
80
How do aphids cause damage to plants?

Biology (7 decks)

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