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B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

It controls posture, balance and involuntary movements

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2
Q

What does the Medulla do?

A

It controls automatic actions such as heart and breathing rate

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3
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

It controls complex behaviour such as memory, language, personality and conscious thought

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

It stores and releases hormones that regulates many body functions

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5
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A

It regulates body temperature and water balance

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6
Q

What is the Central Nervous System? (CNS)?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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7
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System? (PNS)?

A

The neutrons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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8
Q

Why is it hard to to treat an interior damage to the brain?

A

Because it is hard to find the damage and treat it without causing damage to other parts of the brain

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9
Q

What are the effects of Nervous System damage?

A

It can result in :
~ an inability to detect pain
~ numbness
~ loss of coordination

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10
Q

Is a condom hormonal or non-hormonal and how does it work?

A

Non-hormonal
It is placed inside the vagina (female) or over the penis (male). It prevents the sperm from entering the vagina.
It can prevent the spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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11
Q

Is a diaphragm/cervical cap a hormonal or non-hormonal technique and how does it work?

A

Non-hormonal
It is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix. It prevents sperm cells from entering the uterus. It is removed after six hours of sexual intercourse. It is not effective unless it is used with a spermicide

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12
Q

Is an intrauterine device (IUD coil) a hormonal or non-hormonal technique and how does it work?

A

Non-hormonal
It is inserted into the uterus. It releases copper which prevents sperm surviving in the uterus and Fallopian tubes. It can also prevent implantation of a fertilised ovum.
It remains effective for 5 to 10 years

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13
Q

Is the Oestrogen and progesterone pill (combined pill) a hormonal or non-hormonal technique and how does it work?

A

Hormonal
It prevents ovulation. Thickens mucus from the cervix, stopping sperm from reaching an ovum. Prevents implantation of the fertilised egg into the uterus wall

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14
Q

what are target cells?

A

cells in target organs which have specific receptors in their membranes or cytoplasm that bind to a hormone that stimulates a response from them

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15
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

keeping the conditions in your body constant

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16
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

the name given to all the endocrine glands and the hormones that they produce

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17
Q

what is testosterone, what does it do and where is it produced?

A

it is the main male sex hormone
it stimulates sperm production and is important for the male reproductive system
it is produced in the testes

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18
Q

what is oestrogen, what does it do and where is it produced?

A

it is the main female sex hormone
it is involved in the menstrual cycle and promotes female characteristics
it is produced in the ovaries

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19
Q

what is progesterone, what does it do and where is it produced?

A

it is a female hormone
it helps to support pregnancy and is involved in the menstruated cycle
it is produced by the ovaries

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20
Q

where is Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone produced?

A

FSH and LH are released from the pituitary gland

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21
Q

what happens in stage one if the menstrual cycle and how long is it?

A

stage one is when menstruation starts. The uterus breaks down and is released.
This happens from day 1 to approx day 4

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22
Q

what happens in stage two if the menstrual cycle and how long is it?

A

The lining of the uterus builds up again into a thick spongy layer ready to receive a fertilised egg
this happens from day 4 to day 14

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23
Q

what happens in stage three if the menstrual cycle and how long is it?

A

an egg develops and is released from an ovary (ovulation)

this happens at approx day 14

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24
Q

what happens in stage one if the menstrual cycle and how long is it?

Study These Flashcards
A

the lining is maintained for about 14 days until day 28
if no fertilised egg has implanted into the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over

25
what is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone and describe the levels of FSH during the cycle
FSH: 1) causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries 2) stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen it is highest from day 1-4 and begins to decrease from day 4-12. It increases and decreases slightly (peaking at day 14) and then gradually increases from day 16-28
26
what is the role of oestrogen and describe the levels of oestrogen during the cycle
Oestrogen: 1)Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow 2)Stimulates the production of LH 3)Inhibits the production of FSH so that only one egg can be released in each cycle Oestrogen levels are low from day 1-4 but then they gradually increase and peak just before ovulation and then decrease again
27
what is the role of luteinising hormone and describe the levels of LH during the cycle
LH: 1)Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation) 2)Indirectly stimulates progesterone production The levels remain quite low throughout. They increase around day 12 and peak at day 14 and then decrease by day 16 and continue to remain low
28
what is the role of progesterone and describe the levels of progesterone during the cycle
Progesterone: 1)maintains the lining of the uterus. When there are low progesterone and oestrogen levels, the lining breaks down 2)Inhibitor the production of FSH and LH 3)A los progesterone level allows FSH to increase and then the whole cycle starts to increase They remain low and are high from days 16-26
29
hormones are transported in the _______:
blood
30
where is adrenaline found and released?
in the adrenal glands (which are located just above the kidneys)
31
how does adrenaline prepare the fight of flight reaction?
it activates processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose e.g. - binds to receptors heart and causes the muscles to contract more - increases blood flow to the muscles for increased respiration - binds to receptors in the liver and causes breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
32
wha does thyroxine do and where is it released?
it regulates metabolism and controls how much energy is available to cells it is released by the thyroid gland (found in the neck)
33
Explain the process of thyroxine release
Thyroxine is released in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released from the pituitary
34
what is negative feedback and what are the steps?
Negative feedback is a cycle of control that is used in homeostasis 1) change detected by receptor 2) corrective mechanisms activated by an effector 3) conditions returned to set point 4) corrective mechanisms switched off 5) conditions in the body change from set point
35
list 5 causes of infertility
1) blocked fallopian tubes 2) blocked sperm ducts 3) a lack of mature eggs produced in the ovaries 4) not enough sperm being produced in the testes 5) a failure of the ovaries to release an egg
36
what is fertility treatment
Treating infertility using hormones
37
Which conditions cannot be treated using hormones alone 1) blocked fallopian tubes 2) blocked sperm ducts 3) a lack of mature eggs produced in the ovaries 4) not enough sperm being produced in the testes 5) a failure of the ovaries to release an egg
blocked fallopian tubes blocked sperm ducts a failure of the ovaries to release an egg
38
How does in vitro fertilisation (IVF) work?
1) Fertility drugs are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time 2) the eggs are collected in a special solution in a petri dish 3) a sample of semen is collected and the sperm and eggs are mixed in the Petri dish 4) the eggs are checked to make sure that they have been fertilised 5) 1 or 2 of the embryos are implanted in the mothers womb and hopefully at least one will develop
39
what are the negatives of IVF
it may result in no pregnancy or multiple pregnancies, both of which can be distressing for those undergoing treatment
40
what are the considerations around IVF?
1) it is not a natural process 2) it allows parents to conceive who would not usually be able to do so 3) it enables older parents to have children 4) many ivf treatments result in multiple births which can be dangerous for the mother and babies 5) it is very expensive and there is only limited availability through the NHS 6) it allows younger women to focus on their careers and have an baby later in life
41
what does phototropism mean?
towards the light
42
what does gravitropism mean?
towards the same direction as gravity
43
do plant shoots have a positive or negative phototropism?
positive phototropism
44
do plant roots have a positive or negative phototropism?
negative phototropism
45
what is “auxin”?
auxin is a plant hormone that enables a plant to grow towards or stay away from a stimulus
46
what type of fruit does the term “partenocarpic” refer to?
seedless fruit
47
what is “ethene” and what does it do?
ethene is a plant hormone which causes plant fruits to ripen by stimulating the conversion of starch to sugar and causes the shedding of leaves. It is the only plant hormone that exists as a gas
48
what is “gibberellin” and what do they do?
it is a plant hormone that causes seed germination, stem growth and flows !TIP! Gibberellin causes Germination
49
What are commercial uses of plant hormones?
1) Producing parthenocarpic fruit (adding auxin and gibberllin) 2) Controlling dormancy (treating with gibberllin) 3) Selective herbicides (using auxin to disrupt patterns) 4) Promoting root growth (adding auxins to branches and planting them 5) Delaying ripening (spraying auxin on fruit) 6) Ripening fruit
50
what is the normal body temperature and why?
37 degrees celsius because this is the optimum temperature for the enzymes
51
what is vasodilation? does it occur when you are too hot or too cold? and how does it help to revert the body temperature back to normal?
vasodilation is when blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of your skin widen. it takes place when you are too hot blood flow is increased through the capillaries, causing heat loss by radiation
52
what is vasoconstriction? does it occur when you are too hot or too cold? and how does it help to revert the body temperature back to normal?
vasoconstriction is when blood vessels supplying capillaries near the surface of your skin narrow. it takes place when you are too cold blood flow is reduced through the capillaries, reducing heat loss
53
do body hairs rise/lower when you’re hot/cold?
they rise when you’re cold | they lower when you’re hot
54
do you sweat when you’re hot or cold?
you sweat when you are hot
55
what happens to your muscles when you are cold?
you muscles contract and relax when you are cold. this makes your cells respire more quickly, transferring extra energy by heating this is known as shivering
56
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin (the persons own immune system has destroyed the pancreatic cells that make insulin). This condition normally begins at childhood Type 2 diabetes cannot effectively produce insulin (they do not produce enough or the persons cells do not respond properly)
57
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
It is treated through regular injections, and regular exercise and balanced diet
58
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
It is treated by balancing diet and exercising regularly. | people with type 2 are encouraged to lose weight

Biology (7 decks)

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