B3 infection and response

Question 1

what are the four types of pathogens

Answer 1

virus
bacteria
fungi
protist

Question 2

pathogen defenition

Answer 2

microorganisms that enter the body and cuse disease

Question 3

how do bacteria make you feel ill

Answer 3

reproduce rapidly inside your body
produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

Question 4

how do viruses work

Answer 4

can reproduce rapidly inside your body
replicate themselves whilst inside your cells to produce many copies of themselves
the cell will burst, releasing all of the new viruses
the cell damage makes you feel ill

Question 5

What are protists

Answer 5

eukaryotic, most are single-celled, some are parasites.

Question 6

fungi

Answer 6

some are cingle-celled, some have body made up of hyphae (thread like structures) which can grow and penetrate human skin / surface of plants and cause diseases

Question 7

how do pathogens spread

Answer 7

water eg Cholera
Air eg influenza virus
Direct contact - eg athlete’s foot
vectors - an organism which carries the pathogen ie mosquitoes

Question 8

what type of infection is measles

Answer 8

viral

Question 9

what type of infection is HIV

Answer 9

viral

Question 10

what type of infection is Malaria

Answer 10

Protist

Question 11

what type of infection is Gonorrhoea

Answer 11

Bacterial

Question 12

what type of infection is Salmonella

Answer 12

Bacterial

Question 13

what type of infection is Rose Black Spot

Answer 13

Fungal

Question 14

what type of infection is TMV (and what does it stand for)

Answer 14

viral
Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Question 15

symptoms of measles

Answer 15

red skin rash
fever

Question 16

symptoms of HIV

Answer 16

initially causes flu-like symptoms
then usually no symptoms for several years

Question 17

symptoms of TMV

Answer 17

causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants - parts of the leaves become discoloured

Question 18

symptoms of rose black spot

Answer 18

causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants. The leaves then turn yellow and drop off

Question 19

symptoms of Malaria

Answer 19

repeating episodes of fever. can be fatal.

Question 20

symptoms of salmonella

Answer 20

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 21

symptoms of gonorrhea

Answer 21

pain when urinating, yellow or green discharge

Question 22

methods of reducing or preventing spread of disease

Answer 22

being hygenic
destroying vectors
isolating infected indivuals
vaccination

Question 23

how does the skin defend from pathogens

Answer 23

acts as a barrier
secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

Question 24

how does the nose defend from pathogens

Answer 24

hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens

Question 25

how does the breathing pipework defend from pathogens

Answer 25

trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens lined with cilia that waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

Question 26

how does the stomach defend from pathogens

Answer 26

produces Hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens.

Question 27

types of white blood cell

Answer 27

phagocytes lymphocytes

Question 28

three main ways the immune system defends from pathogens

Answer 28

Phagocytosis (consuming them) producing antibodies producing antitoxins

Question 29

Phagocytosis (consuming pathogens)

Answer 29

white blood cells known as phagocytes engulf foreign cells and digest them

Question 30

producing antibodies

Answer 30

.every invading pathogen has unique antigens (molecules) on their surface .when lymphocytes come across antigens they don't recognise, they produce antibodies that lock on to the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed. . If the person is infected with the same pathogen again then the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it

Question 31

What do antitoxins do

Answer 31

counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria

Question 32

how do vaccines work

Answer 32

inject dead or inactive forms of a pthogen into the body, causing your immune system to produce antibodies to attack them. If live pathogens of the same type appear after that, the white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen

Question 33

what plant did aspirin originate from

Answer 33

willow

Question 34

what did digitalis originate from

Answer 34

foxgloves

Question 35

main stages of drug testing

Answer 35

. preclinical trials . animal trials . human trials . peer review

Question 36

what are the main things drugs are tested for

Answer 36

. toxicity . efficacy . optimum dosage

Question 37

what is toxicity in drugs

Answer 37

potential side/ toxic effects of the drug

Question 38

what is efficacy

Answer 38

how well the drug cures the disease or imporves symptoms

Question 39

what is optimum dosage

Answer 39

the optimal volume of the drug to take