B3 Infection and response

Question 1

what are pathogens

Answer 1

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

what are the 4 forms that pathogens can take

Answer 2

bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

Question 3

what are three ways that pathogens can spread

Answer 3

water
air
direct contact

Question 4

what type of pathogen do measles come from

Answer 4

viruses

Question 5

what type of pathogen does HIV come from

Answer 5

viruses

Question 6

what type of pathogen does tobacco mosaic come from

Answer 6

viruses

Question 7

how are measles spread

Answer 7

by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

Question 8

what are the symptoms of measles

Answer 8

red skin rash ,fever,blindness

Question 9

how are measles prevented/treated

Answer 9

vaccinate children

Question 10

what are the symptoms of HIV

Answer 10

mild flu ,destruction of immune system

Question 11

how is HIV spread

Answer 11

unprotected sexual contact

Question 12

how is HIV treated/prevented

Answer 12

barrier method of contraception

Question 13

what are the symptoms for tobacco mosaic

Answer 13

leaf discolouration,inablilty to photosynthesise

Question 14

how is tobacco mosaic spread

Answer 14

direct contact

Question 15

what is the treatment/prevention for tobacco mosaic

Answer 15

good field hygiene

Question 16

what is a virus

Answer 16

viruses are much smaller than bacteria,they reproduce by entering cells. living there and then damaging the cells before moving on to new ones

Question 17

what type of pathogen is salmonella caused by

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea caused by

Answer 18

bacteria

Question 19

what are the symptoms of salmonella

Answer 19

abdominal cramps,vomiting,fever

Question 20

how is salmonella spread

Answer 20

undercooked food (chicken)

Question 21

how is salmonella treated/prevented

Answer 21

thoroughly cook chicken

Question 22

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 22

pain in urination,yellow/green discharge/infertility

Question 23

how is gonorrhoea spread

Answer 23

unprotected sexual contact

Question 24

how is gonorrhoea treated/prevented

Answer 24

antibiotics
barrier method of contraception

Question 25

What is bacteria

Answer 25

single cell organisms that divided rapidly by binary fission. they product toxins and sometimes directly damage your body cells causing damage

Question 26

What type of pathogens cause malaria

Answer 26

protists

Question 28

What are the symptoms of malaria

Answer 28

damage to red blood cells, fever, shaking

Question 29

how is malaria spread

Answer 29

moscitos act as a vector

Question 30

how is malaria treated\prevented

Answer 30

drugs, insecticides and spraying water

Question 31

What is a protist

Answer 31

a group of singled cell micro organisms that act as parasites usually spread through vectors

Question 32

what type of pathogen causes rose black spots

Answer 32

funghi

Question 33

What are the symptoms of rose black spots

Answer 33

purple spots, bad flowering and leaf dropping

Question 34

How is rose black spot spread

Answer 34

through wind and rain

Question 35

How is rose black spot treated\prevented

Answer 35

burning or removing effected leaves

Question 36

what type of pathogen causes athletes foot

Answer 36

fungi

Question 37

what are the symptoms of athletes foot

Answer 37

itchy feet, skin irritation, red and flakey skin

Question 38

how is athletes foot spread

Answer 38

direct contact, sharing socks or shoes

Question 39

How is athletes foot treated

Answer 39

anti fungal cream

Question 40

What is fungi

Answer 40

Single or multicellular diseases found in plants or animals and range from minor to fatal

Question 41

how does the skin defend against pathogens

Answer 41

the skin is slightly acidic helping it to act as a barrier stopping pathogens from entering it mas microbial secretions

Question 42

how does the blood defend against pathogens

Answer 42

the blood contains platelets which help it to form clots or scabs

Question 43

how do the eyes defend against pathogens

Answer 43

we have eyelashes that stop dust and particles from entering your eyes tears contain an enzyme called lysozyme it washes away unwanted pathogens

Question 44

how does the trachea defend against pathogens

Answer 44

contains mucus and cilia that help move pathogens up the trachea

Question 45

how does the stomach defend against pathogens

Answer 45

contains hydrochloric acid which gets rid of unwanted pathogens

Question 46

how does he nose defend against pathogens

Answer 46

has cilia and hairs which trap and get rid of mucus and unwanted pathogens

Question 47

what are 3 ways that pathogens are destroyed by white blood cells

Answer 47

engulfing microorganisms producing antibodies producing antitoxins

Question 48

what is an antigen

Answer 48

protein attached to the pathogens which are used to identify if it is a harmful microorganism

Question 49

what is an antibody

Answer 49

produced by white blood cells to attach to specific pathogens and help with the destruction of the pathogen

Question 50

what is immunity

Answer 50

the capability of organisms to reduce/resist harmful microorganisms

Question 51

what is a vaccine

Answer 51

a dead or inactive pathogen used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease

Question 52

what are painkillers

Answer 52

substances that relieve the pain but do not cure/kill the pathogens

Question 53

what are antibiotics

Answer 53

substances that only cure bacterial diseases

Question 54

what is a drug

Answer 54

a medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect on the body

Question 55

what is antibiotic resistance

Answer 55

when bacteria become resistant to antibiotics - meaning that they are not destroyed by the antibiotics

Question 56

what are the 3 things that new drugs must be tested for

Answer 56

efficacy toxitity dosage

Question 57

what is efficacy

Answer 57

the drug must prevent or cure the disease.

Question 58

what is toxitity

Answer 58

the drug must not be too toxic or have unacceptable side effect

Question 59

what is dosage

Answer 59

you must be able to take the drug under normal conditions and the effects must last for some time

Question 60

what is a placebo

Answer 60

a fake drug that has no effect on the body

Question 61

why do doctors use placebo's

Answer 61

to compare the effect of the new drug with people who think they are receiving a new drug

Question 62

what is a double blind trial

Answer 62

neither the doctor or the patients know which drug is the placebo

Question 63

what is the process for developing a new drug

Answer 63

step 1: identify the active ingredients - 9 years step 2: computer stimulations/animal testing - 1-2 years step 3: drug is tested on a small amount of healthy voulenteers - 1-2 years step 4: drug is tested on a large amount of healthy and sick voulenteers - 2 years step 5: FDA approval - 1 year

Question 64

what is a monoclonal antibody

Answer 64

a form of medical treatment that artificially stimulates the immune response to combat specific pathogens