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Biology paper 1 - B1, B2, B3, B4 > B3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

Communicable disease, viral fungal protist disease, bacterial disease + preventing disease, fighting disease, vaccination, drugs, developing drugs, developing drugs, monoclonal antibodies, plant diseases and defences. (78 cards)

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1
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that enter the body + cause disease

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2
Q

Communicable Disease -
What do pathogens cause?

A

communicable diseases (easily spread)

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3
Q

Communicable Disease -
What types of organisms can be infected by pathogens?

A

plants, animals

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4
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are the four types of pathogen and how they make people ill?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists
  • fungi
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5
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are bacteria and how do they cause people to become ill?

A
  • Very small cells
  • reproduce rapidly inside body
  • produce toxins that damage cells and tissues
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6
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are viruses and how do they cause people to become ill?

A
  • not cells
  • reproduce rapidly inside body
  • live inside cells + replicate themselves to make clones cause cell to burst release viruses
  • cell damage what makes you ill
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7
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are protists and how do they cause people to become ill?

A
  • single celled eukaryotes
  • many different types
  • some are parasites (live on/ in other organisms + cause damage)
  • transferred to organism by vector
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8
Q

Communicable Disease -
What is a vector and example?

A

insect that carries the protist eg mosquito carries malaria

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9
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are fungi and how do they cause people to become ill?

A
  • some single celled
  • some have body made up of hyphae (thread like structure)
  • hyphae grow + penetrate human skin + surface of plants causing disease
  • hyphae can produce spores (spread to other plants and animals)
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10
Q

Communicable Disease -
What are the different ways pathogens can be spread?

A
  • water: drinking dirty water (cholera bacterial infection spread by drinking water contaminated with diarrhoea of other suffers)
  • air: pathogens carried in air can be breathed in (airborne pathogens carried in droplets produced when cough or sneeze eg flu)
  • direct contact: touching contaminated surfaces (eg athletes foot fungus spread by touching same things as infected person eg shower floors)
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11
Q

Viral, Fungal, Protist Diseases -
What are the viral diseases?

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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12
Q

Viral, Fungal, Protist Diseases -
What is an example of a fungal disease?

A
  • Rose black spot
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13
Q

Viral, Fungal, Protist Diseases -
What is a disease caused by protist?

A
  • Malaria
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14
Q

Viral, Fungal, Protist Diseases -
How is measles spread, symptoms, uncommon complications, how can it prevented?

A

VIRUS
Spread:
- droplets from infected person’s sneeze or cough
Symptoms:
- red skin rash
- fever
Uncommon Complications:
- pneumonia (lung infection)
- inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
Prevented:
- vaccinated against when young

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15
Q

Viral, Fungal, Protist Diseases -
How is HIV spread, symptoms, how it’s controlled, what virus attacks, what happens when immune badly damaged?

A

VIRUS
Spread:
- sexual contact
- exchanging bodily fluids eg blood (share needles)
Symptoms:
- flu like for a few weeks
- no symptoms after that for few years
Controlled:
- antiretroviral drugs (stop virus replicating)
What virus attacks:
- immune cells
What happens if body immune badly damaged?
- can’t cope with other infections/ cancer
- known as AIDS

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16
Q

Virus, Fungal, Protist Disease -
What does TMV affect, cause to happen?

A

VIRUS
Affect:
- plants eg tomatoes
Cause:
- part of leaves discoloured
- plant can’t carry out photosynthesis (affects growth growth)

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17
Q

Virus, Fungal, Protist Disease -
What does rose black spot cause to happen, how spread, how treated?

A

FUNGAL
Cause to happen:
- purple/ black spots on leaves of rose plants
- leaves turn yellow and drop off
- less photosynthesis (plant can’t grow)
How spread:
- wind
- water
How treated?
- fungicides
- stripping plant of affected leaves (destory these leaves so can’t spread)

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18
Q

Virus, Fungal, Protist Disease -
Cause, what spread by + how, symptoms caused, how spread reduced, how people protected from malaria?

A

PROTIST
Cause:
- protist
What spread by:
- mosquitoes (vector)
How spread:
- mosquitoes pick up malarial protist when feed on infected animal
- mosquito spreads every time feeds on animal by inserting protist into animal’s blood vessels
Symptoms:
- repeating episodes of fever
- can be fatal
Spread reduced:
- stop mosquiteos breeding
How to protect people:
- insecticides
- mosquito nets

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19
Q

Bacterial Diseases and Preventing Disease -
What are the two bacterial diseases?

A

-Salmonella
- Gonorrhoea

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20
Q

Bacterial Diseases and Preventing Disease -
Cause of salmonella, symptoms, cause of symptoms, how to prevent?

A

BACTERIAL
Cause:
- bacteria that causes food poisoning
Symptoms:
- fever
- stomach cramps
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
Cause of symptoms:
- eating food been contaminated with salmonella bacteria (eating chicken caught disease whilst alive, eating food contaminated due to unhygienic conditions)
How to prevent:
- poultry vaccinated

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21
Q

Bacterial Diseases and Preventing Disease -
What is Gonorrhoea, how spread, symptoms, how originally treated, how to prevent spread?

A

BACTERIAL
What it is:
- STD
How spread:
- sexual contact (unprotected sex)
Symptoms:
- pain when urinating
- thick yellow/ green discharge
Originally treated:
- antibiotic (penicillin) but harder to treat as strains have become more resistant
How to prevent spread:
- treat using antibiotics
- barrier methods of contraception (condoms)

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22
Q

Bacterial Diseases and Preventing Disease -
How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?

A
  • being hygienic: washing hands before preparing food/ after sneezed/ after going to the toilet
  • destroying vectors: killed using insecticides, destroy habitat
  • isolating infected individuals: prevent passing to anything else
  • vaccination: less likely to develop infections and pass it on
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23
Q

Fighting Disease -
What are the body’s defence systems?

A
  1. skin: barrier to pathogens, secretes antimicrobial substances
  2. Hairs + mucus in nose: trap particles that contain pathogens
  3. trachea + bronchi secrets mucus to trap pathogens + lined with cilia (hair like structures waft mucus to back of throat where can be swallowed)
  4. Stomach produces HCl (kills pathogens that make it far from the mouth)
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24
Q

Fighting Disease -
How does your immune system attack pathogens?

A

Using white blood cells (travel around in your blood + crawl into every part of you, when come across an invading microbe they take 3 lines of action)

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25
Fighting Disease: What are the three lines of action white blood cells take on invading microbes?
1. Consuming them (engulf foreign cells + digest them) - phagocytosis 2. Producing Antibodies - every invading pathogen has antigens on its surface, some WBC come across foreign antigen start produce proteins (antibodies) to lock onto invading cells to find + destroyed by other WBC, antibodies produced rapidly + travel round body to find all similar viruses? bacteria, person become natural immune to pathogen + won't get ill again if infected. (look at diagram on page 49) 3. Producing Antitoxins (counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria)
26
Fighting Disease - What are white blood cells that produce antibodies also known as?
B - lymphocytes
27
Fighting Disease - Vaccination What do vaccinations involve?
small amount of dead/ inactive pathogens
28
Fighting Disease - Vaccination What do the dead/ inactive pathogens in vaccines carry and what do they cause to happen?
antigens which cause body to produce antibodies to attack them (even though the pathogen is harmless)
29
Fighting Disease - Vaccination What do vaccines mean if the same type of live pathogen get into the body?
White blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill pathogen
30
Fighting Disease - Vaccination What are the pros of vaccination?
1. Helped to control many communicable diseases eg polio, measles, whooping cough, rubella, mumps, tetanus) 2. Prevent epidemics - people aren't vaccinated less likely to catch disease because fewer people able to pass it on
31
Fighting Disease - Vaccination What are the cons of vaccination?
1. Don't always work - sometimes don't give immunity 2. Can cause bad reaction eg swelling, fever, seizures but are rare
32
Fighting Disease - Drugs What are pain killers and pros and cons ?
+Drugs that relieve pain + reduce symptoms - don't tackle cause of disease - don't kill pathogen
33
Fighting Disease - Drugs What is an example of a pain killer?
Aspririn
34
Fighting Disease - Drugs What do antibiotics do?
+ kills (prevent growth of) bacteria causing problem without damaging body cells
35
Fighting Disease - Drugs What do different antibiotics kill?
Different types of bacteria (important you're treated with the correct one)
36
Fighting Disease - Drugs What are the cons of antibiotics?
- don't destroy viruses
37
Fighting Disease - Drugs Why is it very difficult to develop a drug that destroys viruses without killing body cells?
Become viruses reproduce using your body cells
38
Fighting Disease - Drugs What has the use of antibiotics greatly reduced?
- number of deaths from communicable diseases caused by bacteria
39
Fighting Disease - Drugs How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Bacteria mutate (can cause them to become resistant to antibiotics)
40
Fighting Disease - Drugs What does it mean if you become infected and some of the bacteria are resistant to antibiotics?
Means when treat infection, only non resistant strains of bacteria are killed
41
Fighting Disease - Drugs What happens to the resistant bacteria and what is this an example of?
- survive + reproduce (mean population increase) - Example of natural selection
42
Fighting Disease - Drugs What could the resistant strains cause and example?
Serious infection that can't be treated by antibiotics Example: - MRSA cause serious wound infections that are resistant to powerful antibiotic (meticillin)
43
Fighting Disease - Drugs How do you slow down the rate of development of resistant strains?
-doctors avoid over prescribing antibiotics - finish whole course of antibiotic (don't stop when feel better)
44
Fighting Disease - Drugs What do plants produce a variety of to defend themselves against pets + pathogens?
Chemicals
45
Fighting Disease - Drugs What can some chemicals produced by plants be used as?
Drugs to treat human disease or relieve symptoms
46
Fighting Disease - Drugs How were a lot of current medicines discovered?
Studying plants used in traditional cures
47
Fighting Disease - Drugs What are examples of chemicals in plants and how are they used, where developed?
- Aspirin: pain killer to lower fever, developed in willow - Digitalis: treat heart conditions, developed in foxgloves
48
Fighting Disease - Drugs What are examples of drugs that were extracted from microorganisms?
- Fleming discovered penicillin (Petri dishes containing bacteria, one dish had mould and area around mould free of bacteria, found mould on Petri dish that was producig substance that killed bacteria)
49
Fighting Disease - Drugs What scale are drugs made on in modern times?
- large scale - in pharmaceutical industry - process still might start with chemical being extracted from a plant
50
Developing Drugs - What are the three main stages in drug testing?
1.Preclinical testing - tested on human cells + tissues in lab (can't human cells/ tissues to test drugs that affect whole/ multiple body systems: testing blood pressure whole animal as need intact circulatory system 2. Preclinical testing - tested on live animals : test efficacy (if works + produces effect they're looking for), find it's toxicity (how harmful), test best dosage (conc given, how often) (lax in UK says all new drugs tested on 2 live mammals - some believe cruel, other believe safest way to make sure not dangerous for humans) 3. Tested on human volunteers in clinical testing. - tested on healthy volunteer (make sure no harmful side effects - very low dose + gradually increased) - tested on people suffering from illness (optimum dose found - most effective + least side effects) - patients put into two random groups (one given new drugs, other given placebo) - doctors can see actual difference drug makes + allows for the placebo effect. - clinical trials are blind or double blind: patient in study doesn't know if getting drug or placebo, neither patient nor doctor know (monitoring not subconsciously influenced) - Results not published until peer reviewed (prevents false claims)
51
Developing Drugs - What is a placebo?
Substance that's like drug being tested but doesn't do anything
52
Developing Drugs - What is the placebo effect?
When patient expects treatment to work and so feels better even though treatment isn't doing anything
53
Developing Drugs - What is peer review?
When other scientists check that work is valid and been carried out rigorously
54
Monoclonal Antibodies - How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
1. mouse injected with antigen 2. B - lymphocyte taken from mouse 3. Fast dividing tumour cells from lab fused with B - lymphocyte 4. Make hybridoma cell 5. Divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce monoclonal antibodies 6. Monoclonal antibodies collected + purified
55
Monoclonal Antibodies - What do monoclonal antibodies produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell mean?
All antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen
56
Monoclonal Antibodies - Why can't you just lymphocyte that made the antibody and grow more?
Because they don't divide easily
57
Monoclonal Antibodies - Why can tumour cells be grown easily?
Don't produces antibodies but divide lots
58
Monoclonal Antibodies - Why are monoclonal antibodies really useful?
They only bind to one type of molecule meaning can be used to target specific cell or chemical in body.
59
Monoclonal Antibodies - How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
1. Piece of stick you wee on contians antibodies to hormone (HCG only found in urine of pregnant women) with blue beads attached 2. test strip (bit turns blue when pregnant) has more antibodies to hormone stuck on it (so can't move) 3. If pregnant: - hormone binds to antibodies on blue beads - urine moves up carrying hormone and beads - beads + hormone bind to antibodies on strip - blue beads stuck on strip turning it blue 4. If not pregnant: - urine still move up carrying blue beads - nothing to stick the blue beads onto test strip - doesn't turn blue
60
Monoclonal Antibodies - What are tumour markers?
Antigens on cancer cell's membranes that aren't found on normal body cells
61
Monoclonal Antibodies - How do you make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to tumour markers?
1. Anti - cancer drug can be attached to monoclonal antibodies (might be radioactive substance, toxic drug, chemical that stops cancer cell growing + dividing) 2. Antibodies given to patient through drip 3. Antibodies cancer cells as bind to tumour markers 4. drug kills cancer cells but doesn't kill normal body cells near tumour
62
Monoclonal Antibodies - What are some other uses of monoclonal antibodies in labs and research?
1. Bind hormones + chemicals in bloods to measure levels 2. test blood samples for certain pathogens 3. Locate specific molecules on cell/ tissues: - monoclonal antibodies made that bind to specific marker looking for - antibodies bound to fluorescent dye - if molecules present, monoclonal antibodies attach to them and detected using the dye
63
Monoclonal Antibodies - Advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
- cancer treatment (don't damage normal body cells whilst killing cancer cells) - side effects of monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment lower than for chemotherapy or radiotherapy
64
Monoclonal Antibodies - Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?
- more side effects than originally expected (fever, vomiting, low blood pressure) - not as widely used as originally expected due to side effects
65
Plant Diseases and Defences - Plants need mineral ions from where?
soil
66
Plant Diseases and Defences - What happens if there aren't enough mineral ions to a plant?
Deficiency symptoms
67
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are nitrates needed for in plants?
- Make proteins - growth
68
Plant Diseases and Defences - What can a lack of nitrates cause in plants?
Stunted growth
69
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are magnesium ions needed for in a plant?
- Making chlorophyll - photosynthesis
70
Plant Diseases and Defences - What do plants without enough magnesium suffer from?
- chlorosis (have yellow leaves)
71
Plant Diseases and Defences - What pathogens can plants be infected and infested by?
Infected: - viral - bacterial - fungal Infested: - insects (aphids)
72
Plant Diseases and Defences - What is an aphid?
An insect that can damage plants
73
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are the common signs that a plant has a disease?
- stunted growth - abnormal growths (lumps) - spots on leaves - malformed stems or leaves - patches of decay - discolouration
74
Plant Diseases and Defences - How can you spot infestation from pests?
able to see pests on plants
75
Plant Diseases and Defences - How are the different signs of plant diseases identified?
- garden manual/ website - take infected plant to lab (scientists indentify) - testing kits that identify pathogens using monoclonal antibodies)
76
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are the physical defences of plants?
- stems + leaves have waxy cuticle: barrier from pathogens entering - plant cells have cell walls (cellulose): physical barrier against pathogens made it past waxy cuticle - layers of dead cells around stems (bark): barrier against pathogens entering
77
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are the chemical defences of plants?
- some produce antibacterial chemicals: kill bacteria (mint + witch hazel) - some produce poisons: deter herbivores (tobacco plants, foxgloves, deadly nightshades)
78
Plant Diseases and Defences - What are the mechanical defences of plants?
- thorns + hairs: stop animals touching + eating - leaves that droop/ curl when something touches them: prevent themselves being eaten by knocking insects off and moving away - mimic other organisms

Biology paper 1 - B1, B2, B3, B4 (4 decks)

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