b3 infection and response Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What is a virus
A
infection agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism
2
Q
how do viruses replicate
A
viruses enter the cell of a living organism and then use that cell to create multiple copies of the virus
3
Q
How do measles spread between people
A
inhaling virus-containing droplets from sneezes and coughs
4
Q
symptoms of measles (2)
A
- red skin rash
- fever
5
Q
Can measles be fatal
A
yep
6
Q
what is the main reason why not many people catch measles
A
everyone is already vaccinated
7
Q
how does HIV spread (2)
A
- sexual contact
- exchange of body fluids
8
Q
symptoms for HIV
A
flu like symptoms
9
Q
what is the treatment for HIV
A
Antiretroviral drugs
10
Q
which body cells does HIV attack
A
White Blood cells
11
Q
What is AIDS
A
when the body’s immune system is so severely damaged that it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
12
Q
What does the virus TMV stand for
A
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
13
Q
Which organisms does TMV
A
It is a plant pathogen that affects many species of plants, including tomato and tobacco
14
Q
What are Symptoms of TMV
A
a distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
15
Q
main symptoms of Ebola
A
fever, bleeding, severe headaches and muscle pain
16
Q
Are all bacteria pathogens
A
No, only a small proportion of them cause disease.
17
Q
What type of organism causes salmonella
A
bacteria
18
Q
How is salmonella spread
A
consuming contaminated food, mostly uncooked chicken
19
Q
symptoms of salmonella
A
fever, rash, vomiting
20
Q
What is an STD
A
sexually transmitted disease
21
Q
What type of organism causes gonorrhoea
A
bacteria
22
Q
how is gonorrhoea spread
A
sexual contact
23
Q
symptoms of gonorrhoea (2)
A
- thick yellow discharge from penis or vagina
- pain when urinating
24
Q
treatment for gonorrhoea
A
penicillin
25
how can the spread of gonorrhoea be reduced (2)
1. treating infections with antibiotics
2. Use of barrier methods of contraception such as condoms
26
What are fungi
eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular
27
Are fungi mostly pathogens
No
28
What are protists
eukaryotic organisms that are mostly unicellular
29
All are protists pathogens
no
30
What type of organism causes rose black spot
fungi
31
symptoms of rose black spot (2)
1. purple or black spots on leaves which turn yellow and drop off
2. affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced
32
how does rose black spot spread
spread by the environment by wind or water
33
how is rose black spot treated
1. use of fungicides to kill pathogens, removing and 2. destroying the affected leaves
34
what type of organism causes malaria
A protist
35
symptoms of malaria
feeling hot or cold
36
How does malaria spread
mosquitoes
37
how to reduce the spread of malaria (3)
1. kill mosquitoes
2. destroy the breeding sites
3. using insect repellents
38
difference between non-specific and specific defences against pathogens (2)
non-specific defences work with any pathogen
specific defences work with a particular pathogen
39
4 non-specific defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body
1. Skin
2. Stomach acid
3. Hairs and Mucus
4. Tears in eyes
40
how does the skin act as a defence against pathogens (2)
1. It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering
2. It secretes oil and antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens
41
How does the stomach as a defence against pathogens
It produces stomach acid, which creates a very low pH that destroys pathogens
42
How do the trachea and bronchi act as a defence against pathogens
1. Some of the cells that line the trachea and bronchi produce mucus which traps pathogens
2. Other cells have tiny hairlike projections called cilia that help move the mucus and pathogens out of the lungs
43
what is the role of immune system
to locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body
44
What type of cells helps to defend against pathogens and are part of the immune system
White blood cells
45
3 main functions of white blood cells
1. Phagocytosis
2. producing antibodies
3. producing antitoxins
46
What is phagocytosis
the process when the phagocyte engulfs and destroys a pathogen
47
Steps of phagocytosis
1. phagocytes track down the pathogen and bind to it
2. Phagocyte's membrane will then surround the pathogen and engulf it
3. Enzymes inside the phagocyte break down the pathogen in order to destroy it
48
difference between antigens and antibodies
Antigens are anything a body sees as foreign which makes the immune system to produce antibodies against it
Antibodies are proteins that are produced by white blood cells that bind to specific antigens
49
what are antitoxins
antitoxins are small proteins produced by white blood cells that bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
50
What is a vaccination
a method of artificial inducing immunity so we can be immune to a pathogen without getting ill.
51
What is a vaccine
a dead or inactive virus in form of a pathogen that is injected to the body to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies
52
how does being vaccinated help the individual
they are less likely to catch the diease
53
How does vaccinating help the people who didn't get vaccinated
this helps prevent outbreaks of the disease and it creates herd immunity
54
3 draw backs of vaccination
1. They don't give full immunity to the disease
2. They can cause mild symptoms
3. maybe seizures, (less likely)
55
What is a painkiller
treats symptoms of disease, doesn't kill pathogen
56
What is an antibiotic
treats and prevents bacterial infections, kills bacteria, prevents them from dividing
57
Can a particular type of antibiotic kill all types of bacteria
no, each antibiotic is specific for a type of bacteria
58
Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses
Viruses are found within body cells, it is hard to kill them without damaging the body tissues
59
What is antibiotic resistance
bacteria evolve so that antibiotics no longer can kill them
60
How to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance
1. patients should take the entire course of antibiotics they're prescribed
2. doctors prescribe when necessary
3. stop giving so many antibiotics to farm animals
61
What does the drug digitalis treat
heart failure
62
which organism is digitalis from
Foxglove
63
what type of drug is aspirin
painkiller
64
which organism is aspirin from
willow
65
what type of drug is penicillin
antibiotic
66
which organism is penicillin from
penicillium
67
what has to happen to new drugs before they are prescribed for patients (4 points )
check if they are safe, dosage, toxicity, efficacy
68
who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
69
What does efficiacy mean
how well the drug produces the desired effect
70
what does toxicity mean
how harmful the drug is
71
What does dosage mean
how much of the drug for the desired effect
72
What are stages of drug development (4)
1. test on human cells and tissues
2. test on live animals
3. test on healthy volunteers for maximum dosage
4. test on patients that suffer to find optimum dosage
73
What is a placebo
looks like the real treatment but contains no active drug
74
What is double-blind
neither patient nor doctors know who is given the placebo, only the researchers
75
why is double blind important (3)
1. prevents bias by patients or researchers
2. If patients know they received, they report side effects
3. more likely to be valid
76
What are monoclonal antibodies
antibodies produced by a single clone of cell,
77
Function of antibodies
1. antibodies are all identical, specific to one binding site on one protein's antigen
2. allows to be used to target a specific chemical or type of cell in the body
78
How do antibodies work (2)
1. they bind to antigens which are complementary for each other on the surface of bacteria
2. marks it for destruction by the immune system
79
4 uses of monoclonal antibodies
1. diagnosis for pregnancy tests
2. measure levels of hormones or detect pathogens
3. locate specific molecules in a cell
4. treat diseases
80
drawback of monoclonal antibodies
creates more side effects than expected
81
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
1. Inject mouse with antigen we want the antibodies to bind to
2. Let animal develop immune response, isolate some of their B lymphocytes
3. combine the lymphocytes with fast dividing tumour cells to create hybridomas
4. let the hybridoma to divide rapidly in the petri dish
5. collect and purify the monoclonal antibodies they produce
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