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Biology > B3, OCR 21st Century > Flashcards

B3, OCR 21st Century Flashcards

1
Q

Species definition

A

A group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Why do species adapt?

A

To increase their chance of survival

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3
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences between individuals of the same species

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4
Q

Mutations in body cells

A

Little or no effect. Can lead to cancer

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5
Q

Mutations in sex cells

A

Mutation will be passed on to the offspring

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6
Q

Natural selection

A

“Survival of the fittest”. The process that causes evolution

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7
Q

What is “Survival of the fittest”?

A

Competition between individuals for resources (E.G. food) leads to individuals evolving in order to increase their changes of survival. The mutation is passed on to offspring

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8
Q

Selective breeding

A

Humans choose a feature they want to pass on, and only breed from animals or plants with that feature

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9
Q

How can the process of evolution produce new species?

A

Sometimes groups of organisms of the same species become isolated from each other. Each group adapts differently, and new species are created. Factors - natural selection and environmental changes

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10
Q

Can environment affect evolution?

A

Yes, species adapt to their conditions

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11
Q

Evidence for evolution?

A

Fossils - show organisms getting more complex

DNA records - DNA controls the characterises of living things. All living things have evolved from the same simple life forms. The more closely related two species are, the more similar their DNA is

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12
Q

Who proposed the theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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13
Q

Who proposed an alternate evolution theory?

A

Lamarck - suggested a characteristic was passed on if it was used a lot by an animal, and passed on to offspring

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14
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of life on earth

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15
Q

What does biodiversity include?

A
  • number of different species
  • range of different types of organisms
  • genetic variation between organisms of the same species
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16
Q

Why is maintaining biodiversity so important?

A
  • more plants we have = the more resources we have

- many new medicines have been discovered using chemicals produced by living things

17
Q

What is classification?

A

Organising organisms into groups according to similarities in their characteristics. First kingdoms, then into smaller and smaller groups

18
Q

Kingdoms

A

There are five different kingdoms into which all species on Earth can be grouped into

19
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, animals

20
Q

What is interdependence?

A

Organisms relying on other organisms, E.G. for food

21
Q

How do you work out the efficiency of energy transfers?

A

(Energy available to the next stage ÷ energy that was available to the previous stage) x 100

22
Q

What releases CO2 into the atmosphere?

A
  • combustion
  • plant respiration
  • animal respiration
  • decomposition
23
Q

How do carbon compounds get into plants?

A

Photosynthesis

24
Q

How do carbon compounds get into animals?

A

By eating plants

25
Q

How do carbon compounds get into the soil?

A

Decomposition of dead plants and animals

26
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

Cycle of carbon between the atmosphere, the soil and living things

27
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

Cycle of nitrogen between the atmosphere, the soil and living things

28
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

For making proteins for growth . plants get it from the soil, but it needs to be turned into nitrates first

29
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of turning nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds (E.G. nitrates)

30
Q

Two ways of fixating nitrogen?

A

Lightning - energy in the bolt makes nitrogen react with the airnto give nitrates

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria - in roots and soils

31
Q

Decomposers

A

Decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia

32
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Turn ammonia in decaying matter into nitrates (nitrification)

33
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

A

Turn atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use

34
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

Turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas

35
Q

Non-living indicators used to measure environmental change?

A
  • temperature. Taken over a long period of time could indicate that the climate of the environment is changing
  • nitrate level. Indicator of environmental change in a body of water
  • CO2 levels. Used to measure environmental changes in the air
36
Q

Living indicators of environmental change?

A
  • lichen. Sensitive to levels of sukfur dioxide in the atmosphere, used to monitor air pollution
  • mayfly nymphs. Sensitive to levels of oxygen in water, indicator of water pollution
  • photoplankton. Indicator of water pollution
37
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of today’s population without harming the environment so that future generations can still meet their own needs

Biology (1 decks)

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