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biology b4 > B3 Whole > Flashcards

B3 Whole Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Briefly describe chromosome and how it links to gene and Dna

A

Chromosome have genes
Gene is short length of chromosome
Chromosome long length of dna
DNA coiled to form chromosome

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2
Q

How did Watson and crick make first model of dna

A

They used data from others e.g xrays to know dna has double helix

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3
Q

Strands of dna made of …..

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

Dna has 4 bases when A-T and G-C pair it’s Called

A

Complimentary pairing

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5
Q

How does Dna copy

A

First the DNA copies itself when cell divides so cell has DNA
Then double helix unzips forming 2 single strands
New nucleotides join using complimentary pairing

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6
Q

Where does respiration happen and where is ribosomes found

A

Mitrohondria

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Proteins how are they made

A

Long chained amino acids joined

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8
Q

Protein functions

A

Structural P used for build up cells
Collagen and hormones carry messages
Insulin controls blood levels

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9
Q

What’s a enzyme

A

Biological catalyst speeds up reaction

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10
Q

How does enzyme work

A

Enzyme has a active spot ( part where subtrates join) enzymes need substarte to be correct shape to fit in active spot. This is called LOCK AND KEY

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11
Q

Conditions for enzymes to work

A

Needs constant temperature to work at optimium

If ph high or low enzyme denatures
Low temp makes molecule move slow so less Chance subtrates less likely to collide to enzyme

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12
Q

What does respiration do and where is it trapped

A

Provides energy from food

Trapped in ATp This provides energy for other processs in our body

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration is with O2

A

C6H1206 + 06 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

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14
Q

Word equation of anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose = lactic acid + energy

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15
Q

Briefly explain process of mitosis

A

When cell divides it copies dna. Dna copied and forms x shaped chromosome
Chromosome line up in middle of cell cell fibers then pull them apart chromosomes then go to opposite end of cells
Memberanes from around chromosome
Cytoplasm splits

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16
Q

What is mitosis

A

Makes new cells for growth and repair its wen a cell reproduces itself to produce 2 identical offspring

17
Q

What is meisos

A

Produces cells that have half number of chromosome only happens in ovaries and testses

18
Q

Process of meisos briefly

A

When a cell divides DNA copies to form 2 chromosomes
Chromosome line up in middle pairs then are pulled apart so new cell has copy of cromsome
Cell divides again making chromosomes in the centre of cell again and they are pulled apart
You have 4 gametes

19
Q

What does the Heart have to pump blood around body

A

Has 4 chambers right atrium and ventricle, left atrium and ventricle

20
Q

How does heart pump blood around body

A

Blood flows in both Atrias from vein
Ventricles pump blood in arteries
Semilunar, triscupid and biscupid prevent back flow of blood
Pulomanary vein and vena cava carry blood to heart
Aorta and pulomanry arteries carry blood away from heart

21
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carry 02 around body have nucleus to carry more O2 and larger surface area to be more quicker

22
Q

What does haemoglobin do

A

Combines with O2 to make oxyhaemoglobin this is reversible and oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin in tissues

23
Q

What do arteries do and features of arteries

A

Carries blood away form heart it has thick and elastic wall to resist high pressure

24
Q

Veins and features

A

Carry blood to heart has large lumen to make blood flowing due to low pressure

25
Q

capillaries and features

A

Allows materials to pass through blood has permeable wall so things can diffuse

26
Q

Bad thing about selective breeding

A

Causes inbreeding and causes health problems

27
Q

Genetic engineering process

A

desired characteristics chosen
Useful gene is cut from organism chromosome
Enzymes cut other organisms chromosome and then they insert useful gene

28
Q

Pros and cons of GM crops and what’s the process called wen u change persons gene

A

Increase in yield
people don’t think it’s safe
Gene therapy

29
Q

Process of cloning nuclear transfer

A

Remove nucleus from unfertilised egg cell
Complete set of chromosomes inserted to empty egg from adult body cell
Egg is stimulated by electric shock making cell divide
Then that egg is implanted in Surreygate mum

30
Q

How does tissue culture work work to clone plants

A

Few plants put in growth medium with hormones they grow to new plants

31
Q

Why are plants easier to clone that animals

A

Because plant calls can differentiate and animal can’t

biology b4 (2 decks)

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