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IBI Test 4 > B3.039 Prework 1 Immune Cell Development > Flashcards

B3.039 Prework 1 Immune Cell Development Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

what defines a naïve lymphoid cell

A

express antigen receptors, but cannot do anything

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2
Q

where are naïve lymphoid cells located?

A

circulate amongst peripheral lymphoid organs

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3
Q

describe the life cycle of naïve lymphoid cells

A

survey for antigens and differentiate upon exposure into memory and effector cells
undergo apoptosis if they don’t find their antigen within weeks to months
new cells are released

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4
Q

what defines a B Cell effector cell

A

produce molecules that eliminate antigens

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5
Q

function of plasma cells

A

produce Abs in the peripheral lymphoid tissues

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6
Q

function of plasmablasts

A

produce Abs in the blood stream

some migrate to the bone marrow to mature into plasma cells

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7
Q

function of T Cell effector cells

A

produce molecules that eliminate antigens

short lived and die after elimination of antigen

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8
Q

function of CD4+ T helper cells

A

produce cytokines to activate B cells, macrophages, and others

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9
Q

function of CD8+ cytotoxic cells

A

kill infected host cells

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10
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

encapsulated aggregates of lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

what is lymph

A

leakage from blood vessels

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12
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

carry the lymph that has drained from the tissues to the lymph nodes

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13
Q

discuss the role of the lymphatic system in immunity

A

APCs sample the lymph for antigens of microbes
dendritic cells capture antigens and transport them to the lymph node via the afferent vessel
exit lymph node via the efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

where are follicles located in the lymph node

A

cortex

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15
Q

what is located in cortex follicles

A

B cells- periphery/cortex

follicular dendritic cells

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16
Q

where are germinal centers located

A

middle of follicles

light staining areas

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17
Q

what is located in germinal centers

A

B cells that have recently responded to an antigen

site of antibody production

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18
Q

what is located in the paracortex of the lymph nodes

A

T cells adjacent to the follicles

dendritic cells

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19
Q

discuss the circulation of naïve T and B lymphocytes

A

constantly circulate between blood and lymphoid organs where they enter through a high endothelial venule (HEV)
chemokines home them to their respective area

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20
Q

CXCR5

A

receptor on B cells that homes them to the follicle

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21
Q

CCR7

A

receptor on T cells that homes them to the paracortex

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22
Q

discuss the circulation of dendritic cells

A

enter through afferent lymphatic vessels

migrate to the T cell rich areas of the node

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23
Q

how are lymphocytes activated upon stimulation by antigen

A

change chemokine receptors
T and B cells can move toward each other and meet at the follicular edge to interact
T cells help B cells differentiate into Ab producing cells

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24
Q

what happens after lymphocytes are activated

A

exit through the efferent lymphatic vessels to travel to sites of infection
some T cells migrate into the follicle to help B cells make high affinity Abs

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25
where are plasma cells located
peripheral lymphoid tissue and bone marrow | do not migrate to sites of infection
26
function of plasma cells
secrete Abs into the blood stream and onto mucosal surfaces to bind microbes or their toxins
27
what cells do migrate to sites of infection
effector T cells | other memory T cells will recirculate in the lymph nodes
28
function of spleen white pulp
trap pathogens and their secreted antigens that have entered the blood stream and present them to naïve lymphocytes passing through pathogens are coated by Abs generated in the white pulp
29
function of spleen red pulp
filters and removes microorganisms via phagocytes that recognize the Ab or complement coated microorganism directly filters blood to remove abnormal or old RBCs
30
PALS
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath surrounds splenic arteriole made up of T cells
31
what makes up the white pulp
PALS and lymphoid follicles together
32
where are vascular sinusoids
red pulp
33
what is the mantle zone
ring of lymphocytes surrounding the germinal center
34
what is the marginal zone
interface between the red pulp and the white pulp where particulate antigen from circulation is trapped and presented to APCs
35
GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue | secondary lymphoid tissue
36
function of GALT
trap pathogens and their secreted antigens that have entered through the GI tract presentation to naïve lymphocytes passing through
37
what creates the innate barrier of the GALT
mucus secreting epithelium
38
where is gut commensal bacteria located
stays in the lumen
39
what are M cells
specialized epithelial cells that promote antigen transportation to underlying tissues
40
where do lymphoid cells encounter antigen in the GALT
lamina propria
41
Peyer's patches
organized areas of lymphoid aggregates
42
which Ig is associated with the GALT
IgA transports into the lumen to neutralize microbes
43
what prevents reactions to commensal microbes
T reg cells and others suppress T lymphocyte activation
44
25% of the body's lymphocytes are in these areas at any given time
GALT/ MALT/ cutaneous lymphoid tissue
45
makeup and function of the thymus cortex
immature T lymphocytes differentiate undergo selection reticular epithelial network
46
makeup and function of the thymus medulla
less T lymphocytes | undergo further selection and mature prior to leaving
47
what is Hassal's corpuscles
within the medulla | flat keratinized degenerate epithelial cells
48
what are the two primary steps in IgH rearrangement
1st: D to J recombination 2nd: V to DJ
49
what is V(D)J recombinase
group of enzymes that mediate recombination | lymphocyte specific enzymes and ubiquitously expressed enzymes
50
what are the primary lymphocyte specific enzymes in V(D)J recombinase
recombination-activating gene-1 and -2 (RAG-1 and RAG-2) | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
51
what are the ubiquitously expressed enzymes in V(D)J recombinase
DNA ligase IV | DNA-PK
52
combinatorial diversity
mediated by RAG-1/2 many combination of Vs, Ds, and Js can be used D>J followed by V>DJ
53
junctional diversity
mediated by TdT | addition/subtraction of nucleotides at the coding joint
54
describe B cell receptor editing
the autospecific B cell undergoes a second K/L locus rearrangement second rearrangement replaces the L chain of the self reactive BCR B cell undergoes another round of selection based on its new BCR
55
negative selection
if BCR editing does not succeed, cells apoptose | most immature B cells die
56
positive selection
become mature naïve B cells | must co-express IgM and IgD
57
pro-B cells
express RAG-1/RAG-2 and TdT
58
pre-B cells
express IgM + surrogate light chain | re-express RAG-1 and RAG-2
59
immature B cells
express IgM+ K or L chain | subject to selection or deletion, MOST immature cells die
60
mature B cells
cells that undergo positive selection, become mature naïve B cells must co-express IgM and IgD
61
goals of T cell development
functional lymphocytes diverse repertoire limited self reactivity
62
what are TRECs
T Cell receptor excision circles | circular DNA formed by the genomic rearrangement that occurs during V(D)J recombination
63
how are TRECs measured
qPCR (reported as number of PRECs per million cells)
64
diagnostic usage of TRECs
newborn screening for primary immunodeficiency | thymic output after HSCT
65
double negative thymocytes
ab vs yd lineage commitment | pre-TCR expressed
66
double positive thymocytes
TCRab, CD4, CD8 expressed | positive and negative selection
67
single positive thymocytes
TCRab, and EITHER CD4 or CD8 expressed
68
what is positive selection
TCR binds MHC-peptide complexes in the thymus | only cells expressing a TCR that can bind MHC peptide complexes can be positively selected
69
what is negative selection
if a cell fails to bind MHC, undergoes apoptosis | if a TCR binds self peptide, it is eliminated to prevent autoreactivity

IBI Test 4 (21 decks)

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