B3.2

Question 1

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

Answer 1

~ Arteries
~ Veins
~ Capillaries

Question 2

What do arteries do?

Answer 2

Take blood away from the heart

Question 3

What do veins do?

Answer 3

Take blood to the heart

Question 4

What do capillaries do?

Answer 4

~ Join up arteries and veins

~ Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 5

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 5

Defend our bodies against disease by removing any foreign organisms they see as a threat

Question 6

What do platelets do?

Answer 6

Help our blood to clot at a wound

Question 7

What is plasma?

Answer 7

A watery fluid in which all the different blood cells are suspended

Question 8

What makes up half the volume of blood?

Answer 8

Red blood cells

Question 9

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 9

A red pigment that can carry oxygen

Question 10

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 10

Haemoglobin combined with oxygen

Question 11

What are alveoli?

Answer 11

Tiny sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

Question 12

Why is the diffusion pathway in alveoli short?

Answer 12

Because the walls of the capillaries are only one cell thick

Question 13

What happens when you inhale?

Answer 13

~ Intercostal muscles (between ribs) contract
~ Ribs move up and out 
~ Diaphragm moves down / flattens
~ Volume of chest increases
~ Pressure inside decreases
~ Air is drawn in

Question 14

What happens when you exhale?

Answer 14

~ Intercostal muscles (between ribs) relax 
~ Ribs move down and in
~ Diaphragm moves up
~ Volume of chest decreases
~ Pressure inside increases
~ Air is forced out

Question 15

Why do the walls of the arteries contain muscle and elastic fibres?

Answer 15

To go against pressure

Question 16

Why are capillaries narrow with thin walls?

Answer 16

~ So the oxygen and glucose can diffuse into the cell

~ So the carbon dioxide and water can diffuse out the cell

Question 17

What increases the surface area of the small intestine?

Answer 17

Villi

Question 18

What is active transport?

Answer 18

When substances are absorbed against a concentration gradient. This requires energy from respiration

Question 19

What does active transport allow cells to do?

Answer 19

Absorb ions from dilute solutions

Question 20

When there is active transport, what is there also?

Answer 20

Mitochondria, because they release energy from respiration which is needed for the process to happen

Question 21

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 21

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood and the air in the lungs

Question 22

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 22

A muscle that separates the thorax and the abdomen

Question 23

What is the artificial aid to breathing of negative pressure?

Answer 23

~ Air is pushed out of the iron chamber
~ This lowers the pressure in it
~ As there is a higher pressure outside, air is drawn into the lungs

Question 24

What is the artificial aid to breathing of positive pressure?

Answer 24

~ Positive pressure bag pushes air into the lungs through a mask
~ Can be controlled by a machine to regulate breathing

Question 25

What are advantages and disadvantages of positive pressure?

Answer 25

✅ Quick and easy to use ✅ Can be portable ❌ Patient needs to be hooked to the machine quickly

Question 26

What are advantages and disadvantages of negative pressure?

Answer 26

✅ Breathes for the patient | ❌ Patient has to lie in large machine

Question 27

Where are red blood cells produced?

Answer 27

In bone marrow

Question 28

What are coronary muscles?

Answer 28

Blood vessels supplying the muscles on the wall of the heart

Question 29

What is heart disease caused by?

Answer 29

Blockages in coronary arteries caused by cholesterol

Question 30

Why does high cholesterol cause heart disease?

Answer 30

The cholesterol narrows the artery so less blood can flow through and less sugars and oxygen can get to the heart

Question 31

What do stents do?

Answer 31

They're inserted into arteries and they widen them so that it is easier for blood to flow through

Question 32

How does the heart pump blood?

Answer 32

~ Atria (both atrium) fill up ~ Atria contract and force blood into ventricles ~ Ventricles contract and force blood out through the major blood vessels at the top of the heart and it travels to other parts of the body

Question 33

How do digested substances in the small intestine move into the blood?

Answer 33

~ In the small intestine are villi (sing. Villus) ~ On villi are microvilli, in the microvilli are mitochondria ~ The mitochondria release energy from respiration and carry out active transport, which moves digested substances into the blood

Question 34

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 34

Transport oxygen

Question 35

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?

Answer 35

So they can carry lots of haemoglobin

Question 36

What do valves in the heart do?

Answer 36

Make sure blood flows in the right direction

Question 37

What happens to haemoglobin when it's exposed to oxygen?

Answer 37

It converts into oxyhaemoglobin

Question 38

Why is there an interest in artificial blood?

Answer 38

* Lack of donors from normal blood * Not all normal blood types are compatible with other people * Risk of infection with normal blood

Question 39

What are advantages of artificial blood?

Answer 39

* Artificial blood can be stored for 3 years or more | * Artificial blood can be used immediately

Question 40

What are disadvantages with heart transplants?

Answer 40

* Lack of donors so you have to wait a long time * Low success rate * Risk of infection