B3.2 SL / HL

Question 1

Capillaries

Answer 1

the smallest blood vessels in the body, forming a network that connects arteries and veins.They are characterized by their thin, one-cell-thick walls, which allow for the exchange of molecules (like oxygen, nutrients, and waste products) between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Question 2

capillary bed

Answer 2

a network of capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in the body, that serves as an exchange surface between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Question 3

Lumen

Answer 3

the central, hollow space within a tubular structure like a blood vessel or intestine.

Question 4

Fenestrations

Answer 4

tiny, window-like openings or pores in tissues or structures, allowing for the passage of substances

Question 5

phagocytes

Answer 5

specialized cells, primarily white blood cells, that engulf and digest foreign particles, including bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris

Question 6

circulatory system

Answer 6

a network of organs and blood vessels that work together to circulate blood throughout the body

Question 7

blood vessels

Answer 7

the network of tubes that transport blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products

Question 8

Arteries

Answer 8

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 9

Veins

Answer 9

blood vessels that transport blood from the body’s tissues back to the heart

Question 10

arterioles

Answer 10

the primary resistance vessels that distribute blood flow into capillary beds

Question 11

venules

Answer 11

very small veins that connect capillaries to larger veins

Question 12

Tunica intima

Answer 12

the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall, consisting of the endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, and the internal elastic lamina

Question 13

endothelial cells

Answer 13

specialized epithelial cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart

Question 14

Tunica media

Answer 14

The middle layer of blood vessel walls, composed principally of thin, cylindrical, smooth muscle cells andelastic tissue

Question 15

Tunica externa

Answer 15

the outermost tunica (layer) of a blood vessel, surrounding thetunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen

Question 16

pulse (heart rate)

Answer 16

refers to the number of times the heart beats in one minute, typically measured in beats per minute (bpm)

Question 17

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 17

a test to record the electrical signals in the heart. It shows how the heart is beating

Question 18

Carotid artery

Answer 18

blood vessels that supply blood to your brain, face and neck

Question 19

Radial artery

Answer 19

carries oxygenated blood from the elbows to the fingers

Question 20

cardiac cycle

Answer 20

the sequence of events in one complete heartbeat, involving the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscle

Question 21

Semi-lunar valves

Answer 21

permit blood to flow into the arteries from the ventricles and prevent the backward flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

Question 22

heart

Answer 22

a vital, muscular organ that acts as a pump, circulating blood throughout the body

Question 23

cardiac muscle

Answer 23

a specialized type of striated muscle tissue found only in the heart

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Question 25

cardiac arrest

Answer 25

the sudden cessation of the heart's ability to pump blood throughout the body

Question 26

Coronary arteries

Answer 26

the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood, allowing it to contract and pump blood throughout the body

Question 27

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Answer 27

a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked, often due to a buildup of plaque

Question 28

plaque

Answer 28

made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin

Question 29

degenerative disease

Answer 29

characterized by a progressive deterioration of tissue or organ function over time

Question 30

Atherosclerosis

Answer 30

a condition where fatty, fibrous, and calcified deposits called plaque build up inside the arteries, narrowing the artery's opening and reducing blood flow

Question 31

occlusion

Answer 31

a blockage or closure, particularly of a tube or opening in the body, like a blood vessel

Question 32

Thrombosis

Answer 32

the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or heart chamber

Question 33

Pectoral angina

Answer 33

chest pain or pressure, usually caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle

Question 34

Heart attack

Answer 34

a medical emergency that occurs when the heart muscle is deprived of blood flow, leading to damage and potentially death of the heart tissue

Question 35

Cardiac arrest

Answer 35

a condition where the heart suddenly stops beating, causing a halt in blood circulation to the body

Question 36

Epidemiologists

Answer 36

scientists who study the distribution, patterns, and causes of diseases and health conditions in populations, aiming to prevent and control diseases

Question 37

Correlation

Answer 37

a relationship between two variables where a change in one variable is associated with a change in the other

Question 38

Causation

Answer 38

the relationship between an event or action (the cause) and the resulting outcome (the effect)

Question 39

Transpiration

Answer 39

the process by which water, absorbed by a plant's roots, moves through the plant and eventually evaporates from aerial parts, primarily the leaves

Question 40

cohesive force

Answer 40

the attractive force between molecules of the same substance

Question 41

Adhesive force

Answer 41

the attractive force between molecules of different substances

Question 42

capillary action

Answer 42

the movement of water (or other liquids) within a narrow space, like a plant stem or a thin tube, due to forces of adhesion and cohesion

Question 43

spongy mesophyll

Answer 43

the loosely packed tissue found within a leaf's internal structure, beneath the palisade mesophyll

Question 44

Cohesion-tension theory

Answer 44

explains how water is transported upwards against gravity in plants, specifically through the xylem

Question 45

mineral salts

Answer 45

inorganic compounds formed by the reaction of a metallic element (like sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium) with a nonmetallic element or group of elements (like chlorine or sulfur)

Question 46

xylem vessel elements

Answer 46

specialized, hollow cells that form a continuous, pipe-like structure called a xylem vessel, which is part of the xylem tissue in plants

Question 47

Lignin

Answer 47

a complex organic polymer that, along with cellulose and hemicellulose, makes up the structural components of plant cell walls, particularly in woody tissues

Question 48

Pits

Answer 48

thin areas in plant cell walls that allow for the exchange of substances between adjacent cells

Question 49

Epidermis

Answer 49

the outermost layer of cells in an organism

Question 50

Cortex

Answer 50

the outer layer of an organ or tissue

Question 51

Vascular bundle

Answer 51

a collection of tube-like tissues that flow through plants, transporting critical substances to various parts of the plant

Question 52

Phloem

Answer 52

a complex vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds, like amino acids, throughout a plant

Question 53

Cambium

Answer 53

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants responsible for secondary growth, resulting in an increase in the plant's girth

Question 54

Xylem

Answer 54

a specialized vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

Question 55

Pith

Answer 55

the central, soft, spongy tissue found in the stems of vascular plants

Question 56

plan diagram

Answer 56

a type of diagram that shows the overall arrangement of tissues within a structure, like a plant organ, without depicting individual cells

Question 57

epidermis

Answer 57

the outermost layer of tissue in plants and animals

Question 58

root hair cells

Answer 58

specialized epidermal cells that extend outward from the root's surface, increasing its surface area for enhanced water and mineral absorption