B4: Organisation in Plants & Animals

Question 1

What is the function of the right ventricle?

Answer 1

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

Question 2

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Answer 2

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

Question 3

What is blood?

Answer 3

A tissue

Question 4

Why is coronary heart disease fatal?

Answer 4

The narrowing of the coronary arteries reduce the flow of blood resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscles

Question 5

How can faulty valves be replaced?

Answer 5

Using biological or mechanical valves

Question 6

Where is the meristem found?

Answer 6

At the growing tips of roots and shoots of plants

Question 7

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

Answer 7

Temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity

Question 8

What 3 parts of a plant form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant?

Answer 8

Roots, stem and leaves

Question 9

What is the role of stomata and guard cells?

Answer 9

Control gas exchange and water loss

Question 10

What is the role of the circulatory system?

Answer 10

To transport oxygen and nutrients to the body

Question 11

What 2 blood vessels does blood enter into the heart?

Answer 11

Vena cava and the pulmonary vein

Question 12

What type of blood enters the heart via the pulmonary vein?

Answer 12

Oxygenated, as it has just come from the lungs

Question 13

Which ventricle has thicker walls? Why?

Answer 13

The left ventricle because it pumps blood all the way around the body

Question 14

Describe the movement of blood between the ventricles and the atria

Answer 14

Walls of the atria contract, pushing blood into the relaxed ventricles. Walls of the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart. Simultaneously, more blood will enter the now relaxed atria. The cycle repeats

Question 15

Where are pacemaker cells found?

Answer 15

In the right atrium

Question 16

What is the function of the capillaries?

Answer 16

They exchange nutrients and oxygen with tissues

Question 17

How are arteries adapted to their function?

Answer 17

Thick muscle walls to withstand high pressure and elastic fibres to stretch and recoil

Question 18

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

Answer 18

1 cell thick and permeable, so that substances can easily diffuse through them

Question 19

Which blood vessel has the largest lumen?

Answer 19

Veins

Question 20

What nutrients are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?

Answer 20

Glucose and amino acids

Question 21

In which order does blood flow through the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 21

Artery, capillary, vein

Question 22

How much of our blood are red blood cells?

Answer 22

45%

Question 23

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

Answer 23

They have a biconcave disk, to increase the surface area for absorbing oxygen. They also have no nucleus, which creates more space for haemoglobin and oxygen

Question 24

What are 3 ways white blood cells defend against infection?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis, releasing antitoxins and producing antibodies

Question 25

What are 2 functions of platelets?

Answer 25

Stop blood from leaving the blood vessel and prevents microorganisms from enter

Question 26

What is the disadvantage of artificial blood?

Answer 26

It does not contain red blood cells

Question 27

What are advantages of stents?

Answer 27

The surgery is quick and they are effective for a long time

Question 28

What are disadvantages of stents?

Answer 28

Require surgery, meaning it can lead to risks. Blood clotting is also a high risk

Question 29

What are advantages of statins?

Answer 29

Reduce levels of LDL

Question 30

What are disadvantages of statins?

Answer 30

Have to be taken regularly and can cause side effects

Question 31

What are disadvantages of biological and mechanical valves?

Answer 31

Requires surgery and ongoing risk of clotting

Question 32

What are disadvantages of artificial/biological hearts?

Answer 32

Temporary fix, takes long to find a donor and could still be rejected

Question 33

What are advantages of artificial hearts?

Answer 33

Immune system does not reject it

Question 34

What are 2 problems that may be caused by faulty valves?

Answer 34

Not enough blood can pass through the valve and the backflow of blood

Question 35

How is the alveolus adapted for its function?

Answer 35

1 thick layer of cells, creating a short diffusion path, increasing gas exchange. They have a large surface area and the alveoli walls are moist, so it allows the gases to dissolve

Question 36

What is the name of the process by which oxygen moves through the wall of the alveoli into the blood?

Answer 36

Diffusion

Question 37

How do you calculate breathing rate?

Answer 37

Number of breaths/time (mins)

Question 38

Where is the stomata found?

Answer 38

The lower epidermis

Question 39

Where in the leaf is where most of the photosynthesis happens? Why?

Answer 39

The palisade mesophyll. This is because it is packed full of chloroplasts

Question 40

What is special about cells in the upper epidermis? Why?

Answer 40

They are transparent for sunlight to pass through

Question 41

What reduces water loss in the leaf?

Answer 41

The waxy cuticle, which is a thin waterproof layer of lipids that the water can't get through

Question 42

Why are the stomata at the bottom of the leaf?

Answer 42

It is shadier, therefore cooler, so less water will evaporate

Question 43

When are the stomata closed?

Answer 43

At night

Question 44

What can the sugar from photosynthesis be used for?

Answer 44

Directly for energy or stored for later

Question 45

How does increased light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

Answer 45

This would mean brighter light, so more photosynthesis and also more evaporation of water as stomata will need to be open for carbon dioxide needed for it

Question 46

How does increased temperature

Answer 46

Particles will have more energy, so more likely to evaporate

Question 47

How does increased air flow affect the rate of transpiration?

Answer 47

Water will be blown off the leaf, leaving the concentration gradient high

Question 48

How does increased humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

Answer 48

Decreases as water in the air is high, so less water will diffuse out of the leaf due to the decreased concentration gradient